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Mercury reagent powder, CAS 7439-97-6, is the core component of mercury and the only metal that exists in liquid form at room temperature and pressure. It has strong cohesion and is stable in the air. Mercury vapor will evaporate at room temperature and is highly toxic. Natural mercury is a mixture of seven mercury isotopes. Mercury is slightly soluble in water, forming mercury water, also known as mercury liquid, which increases its solubility in the presence of air. Mercury is widely present in nature. Generally speaking, animals and plants contain trace amounts of mercury. Therefore, trace amounts of mercury exist in our food and can be metabolized through excreta, hair, and other sources. Pure mercury is a silver white glossy heavy liquid that can evaporate at room temperature. Metal mercury has reducibility and has two oxidation forms:+2 and+1. Mercury is an inert metal that slowly combines with oxygen, but reacts with sulfur during mixing and grinding to form non-toxic mercury sulfide (HgS), which can be used to treat spilled mercury. Mercury is insoluble in reducing acids and bases, but soluble in oxidizing acids such as nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Pure liquid mercury is an element with strong neurotoxicity, and its elemental and various compounds have varying degrees of toxicity, which can cause chronic poisoning.

Mercury reagent powder has a very small distribution in nature and is considered a rare metal, but it has been discovered for a long time. Natural mercury sulfide, also known as cinnabar, has been used as a red pigment for a long time due to its bright red color. According to the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins, which are coated with cinnabar, it can be proven that China used natural mercury sulfide before the beginning of history.

According to ancient Chinese literature, before the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, some princes had already used the infusion of mercury in their tombs. For example, Duke Huan of Qi was buried in Linzi (now Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province), and his tomb poured mercury into a pool. This means that China had already obtained a large amount of mercury in the 7th century BC or earlier.

In ancient China, mercury was also used as a surgical medication. The "52 Medicinal Prescriptions" in the silk book unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in 1973, copied during the Qin and Han dynasties, is the oldest medical prescription in China that has been excavated, possibly dating back to the Warring States period. Four of the prescriptions used mercury. For example, using a mixture of mercury and realgar to treat scabies.

In ancient China, the laboring people calcined cinnabar (also known as mercury sulfide) in the air to obtain mercury. However, the generated mercury is easily volatile and difficult to collect, and operators may experience mercury poisoning. Chinese working people have accumulated experience in practice and have switched to using sealed mercury production methods, some in bamboo tubes and some in sealed pomegranate jars.

According to information from Western chemical history, a small tube of mercury was discovered in an ancient tomb in Egypt, and according to historical research, it was a product of the 16th to 15th centuries BC. But in ancient China, the laboring people were the first to produce a large amount of mercury.

Western alchemists have also developed an interest in mercury. Western alchemists believe that mercury is the commonality of all metals - the embodiment of metallicity. They believe that metallicity is an "element" that makes up all metals.

Starting from August 16, 2017, the Minamata Convention on Mercury entered into force for China, which clearly states that "from January 1, 2026, the production of mercury containing thermometers and sphygmomanometers is prohibited.

On October 27, 2017, the International Agency for Cancer Research of the World Health Organization released a preliminary list of carcinogens for reference, with mercury and inorganic mercury compounds included in the list of three categories of carcinogens.

On July 23, 2019, mercury and its compounds were included in the list of toxic and harmful water pollutants (first batch).

Mercury reagent powder (commonly known as mercury, chemical symbol Hg), as a unique liquid metal, has been widely used in human history due to its high density, high surface tension, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. However, its highly toxic properties also impose strict limitations on its use.

Industrial manufacturing field

 

1. Manufacturing of instruments and meters
Its uniform coefficient of expansion and low vapor pressure characteristics make it a core material for precision instruments such as thermometers, barometers, and flow meters. For example, traditional mercury thermometers can accurately measure a temperature range of -39 ℃ to 357 ℃, while mercury barometers reflect atmospheric pressure through changes in mercury column height. Although electronic sensors are gradually replacing traditional mercury instruments, they still retain some applications in high-temperature measurement, standard calibration, and other scenarios.

 

2. Lighting and Electronics Industry
Its vapor emits high-intensity ultraviolet light in the arc and is used to manufacture fluorescent lamps, ultraviolet lamps, and movie projection lamps. Mercury lamps were once one of the mainstream technologies for indoor lighting, which excited fluorescent powder to emit light. In addition, it is also used in electronic tubes, rectifiers, diffusion pumps and other equipment, utilizing its conductivity and fluidity to achieve circuit control and vacuum maintenance.

 

3. Metallurgy and Extraction of Precious Metals
The ability to dissolve multiple metals to form amalgam (such as gold amalgam, silver amalgam) is used in hydrometallurgy. For example, extracting gold and silver from ores through mercury mixing, or recovering thallium from lead smelting dust. Although mercury amalgam method is highly efficient, it has gradually been replaced by cyanide method and other methods due to mercury pollution issues.

 

4. Chemical catalysts and electrodes
Its compounds, such as mercuric chloride and mercuric nitrate, serve as catalysts in chemical production to accelerate electrolysis reactions in the chlor alkali industry. Mercury cathode electrolysis of salt can efficiently produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, but due to the risk of mercury pollution, modern processes often use ion membrane electrolysis technology.

Medical field

 

1. Traditional medicines and disinfectants
Traditional Chinese medicine once used cinnabar (mercury sulfide) to prepare medicinal pills, believing it to have detoxifying, insecticidal, and diuretic effects. However, modern research has confirmed that mercury compounds have significant liver and kidney toxicity, and oral administration has been strictly restricted. In terms of external use, mercury preparations (such as red mercury and thiomersal) have been used for skin disinfection, but they have gradually been phased out due to allergic reactions and drug resistance issues.

 

2. Dental materials
Silver amalgam (containing 50% mercury) was once the mainstream material for dental fillings due to its high strength and easy operation. However, the release of mercury vapor may cause allergies or neurotoxicity, and many countries in Europe and America have banned its use for repairing children's baby teeth. It is recommended to use mercury free alternatives such as resin and ceramics.

 

3. Medical equipment
Mercury column sphygmomanometers have long dominated the medical market due to their accurate measurement and low cost. But the risk of leakage has prompted the popularization of electronic blood pressure monitors, and China plans to completely ban the production of mercury containing blood pressure monitors and thermometers by 2026.

Research and Special Fields

 

1. Laboratory research
As an inert medium, mercury reagent powder is used for high-voltage experiments, liquid sealing technology, and high current relays. For example, sodium amalgam is used as a reducing agent in low-temperature chemistry, while titanium amalgam is used to manufacture low-temperature thermometers.

 

2. Military and Nuclear Industry
Mercury (Hg (ONC) ₂) was widely used as a detonating agent in the manufacture of detonators. Plutonium atomic reactors use the thermal conductivity of mercury as a coolant, but due to nuclear safety risks, modern reactors often use sodium or helium as a substitute.
3. Astronomical observation
The liquid mirror telescope forms a parabolic main mirror by rotating mercury liquid, with a cost only one-third of traditional telescopes, making it suitable for large-scale astronomical observation projects.

Historical and cultural purposes

 

1. Alchemy and Religious Rites
In ancient China, alchemists heated and decomposed cinnabar to produce mercury, believing that it could prolong life. However, mercury poisoning caused many emperors to die prematurely. The mobility of mercury is also endowed with a mysterious color and used in Taoist rituals and divination tools.

2. Art and Cosmetics
Cinnabar, as a red pigment, is used in painting, seals, and traditional cosmetics such as rouge. However, the use of its compounds in cosmetics has been strictly restricted, for example, Minnesota in the United States was the first to ban mercury cosmetics in 2008.

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