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Pure diethylene glycol, a kind of polyol, chemical formula C4H10O3,CAS 111-46-6, is a colorless, odorless, transparent, hygroscopic viscous liquid with a spicy sweet taste, non corrosive, and low toxicity. It is miscible with water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, chloroform, furfural, etc. It is immiscible with ether, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The solubility is similar to that of ethylene glycol, but the solubility of hydrocarbons is strong. Diethylene glycol can be miscible with water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, chloroform, furfural, etc. Rosin, shellac, cellulose acetate and most oils are insoluble in diethylene glycol, but can dissolve cellulose nitrate, alkyd resin, polyester resin, polyurethane and most dyes. Flammable, low toxic. It has the general chemical properties of alcohol and ether. Avoid contact with oxides and moist moisture. It is often used as solvent in antifreeze.
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Chemical Formula |
C4H10O3 |
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Exact Mass |
106 |
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Molecular Weight |
106 |
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m/z |
106 (100.0%), 107 (4.3%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 45.27; H, 9.50; O, 45.23 |
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Diethylene glycol (also known as diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monohydrate, chemical formula C4H10O3) is a colorless, transparent, and hygroscopic viscous liquid that is miscible with solvents such as water, ethanol, and acetone. Its unique physical and chemical properties, such as low volatility, high boiling point, and strong solubility, make it an indispensable raw material in the industrial field, widely used in more than ten industries including chemical, pharmaceutical, food, textile, and energy.
The application in the field of chemical engineering runs through the entire chain of raw material synthesis, product modification, and process optimization. Its characteristics as a solvent, plasticizer, and intermediate have become the key to industrial upgrading.
1. Production of polyester fibers and resins
Pure diethylene glycol is one of the important raw materials for synthesizing polyester fibers (such as polyester), which reacts with terephthalic acid (PTA) to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The global production of polyester accounts for over 80% of the total synthetic fiber, and is widely used in the fields of clothing, home furnishings, and industry. Its addition can adjust the crystallinity and melting point of polyester, improving the softness and wrinkle resistance of fibers.
For example, in the production of polyester staple fibers, adding 5% diethylene glycol can increase the fiber's elongation at break by 20% and reduce its breaking strength by 10%, meeting the demand for high-end fabrics.
In addition, it is also used to produce unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), which is the main substrate for fiberglass products, artificial stones, and coatings. The global UPR market size is expected to exceed 15 billion US dollars by 2025, with diethylene glycol accounting for over 30%. Its high reactivity and chemical resistance make UPR irreplaceable in the fields of construction, automotive, and shipbuilding.
2. Solvent and extractant
As a solvent, it can dissolve substances such as nitrocellulose, resin, oil, and printing ink, promoting chemical reactions and processing. In the field of petrochemicals, it is used as a BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) extraction solvent to achieve efficient recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yudex unit, with a purity of over 99.5%. For example, after adopting the diethylene glycol extraction process, Sinopec Zhenhai Refining and Chemical increased the recovery rate of aromatic hydrocarbons by 8% and achieved an annual increase in benefits of over 200 million yuan.
In addition, compounds such as coumarin and indene can be extracted from coal tar for the synthesis of rubber and resin additives. Its selective extraction ability enables the purity of the target product to reach 98%, significantly reducing subsequent purification costs.
3. Plasticizers and lubricants
Plasticization can improve the flexibility of rubber and resin, and extend the service life of products. For example, adding 5% -10% diethylene glycol to PVC (polyvinyl chloride) products can increase the material's elongation at break by 30% and reduce its hardness by 20%. At the same time, as a fiber lubricant, it can reduce friction damage to fabrics during processing and improve production efficiency by more than 15%. In the printing and dyeing of polyester fabrics, diethylene glycol lubricant can reduce the warp breakage rate from 3% to 0.5%, saving over 10 million yuan in annual costs.
Innovation from formulation excipients to drug synthesis is applied in the pharmaceutical field, covering formulation development, drug synthesis, and medical device auxiliary materials. Its biocompatibility and chemical stability have become the core advantages of clinical applications.
1. Pharmaceutical excipients
As a solvent for estrogenic active ingredients in oral contraceptives, it can increase drug solubility by 30% -50% while reducing gastrointestinal irritation side effects. For example, in compound norgestrel tablets, the addition of diethylene glycol increases the bioavailability of the drug by 40% and increases the success rate of contraception to 99.9%. In addition, it can also be used to prepare freeze-dried products and cell cryopreservation solutions. Its low-temperature protection performance is superior to mannitol and sucrose, and the cell survival rate can be increased to 95%.
In the production of COVID-19 vaccine, the diethylene glycol based cryopreservation solution extended the activity of virus particles to 6 months, providing guarantee for global vaccine supply.
2. Medical equipment auxiliary materials
As a brake fluid compound, it provides stable hydraulic pressure in the braking system of medical equipment to ensure the accuracy of equipment operation. For example, in CT scanners, a diethylene glycol based hydraulic system can reduce positioning errors to less than 0.1mm, improving diagnostic accuracy. At the same time, it can also be used as an anticoagulant solvent in hemodialysis machines to prevent blood clotting and extend dialysis time to more than 4 hours. In addition, base disinfectants can kill microorganisms on the surface of packaging materials, ensuring the safety of drugs and medical devices.
3. Biomedical materials
Co polymerization with polylactic acid (PLA) can be used to prepare biodegradable scaffolds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The stent can completely degrade within 12 months in the body, avoiding the risk of secondary surgery. For example, the diethylene glycol PLA stent developed by Lepu Medical has entered the clinical trial stage and is expected to be launched in 2026. In addition, it can also be used to synthesize hydrogels, which can be used as drug sustained release carriers to achieve sustained drug release for more than 7 days and improve the therapeutic effect.
Food Industry: Green Upgrade from Additives to Packaging Materials
The application in the food industry covers the entire process of raw material processing, product processing, and packaging safety, and its safety and functionality have become the key to industry innovation.
1. Food additives
As a thickener and stabilizer in the candy industry, pure diethylene glycol can increase product viscosity by 20% -30%, improve taste and appearance. For example, in chocolate production, adding 0.5% diethylene glycol can lower the melting point by 5 ℃ and prevent deformation at high temperatures. At the same time, it can also be used in dairy products processing to improve the emulsification performance, and increase the stability of lotion by 40%. In yogurt production, stabilizers can shorten fermentation time by 2 hours while maintaining product acidity between pH 4.0-4.5, extending shelf life to 21 days.
2. Food packaging materials
Used for synthesizing polyester bottles and films, its excellent transparency and chemical resistance can meet the packaging needs of beverages, edible oils, and other products. The oxygen barrier property of polyester bottles can reach 0.1cm ³/(m ² · 24h · 0.1MPa), effectively preventing food oxidation and spoilage. For example, after Coca Cola Company adopted diethylene glycol based polyester bottles, the product shelf life was extended to 18 months and the market share increased by 5%. In addition, the temperature resistance of basic food packaging bags can reach 120 ℃, making them suitable for high-temperature sterilization processes and ensuring food safety.
Textile Industry: Technological Breakthrough from Fiber Processing to Functional Finishing
The application in the textile field covers the entire process of fiber production, printing and dyeing processing, and post finishing, and its lubricity and moisture absorption become the core of improving product quality.
1. Fiber production
As a copolymer monomer in polyester production, it can adjust the crystallinity and orientation of fibers, improve their softness and anti-static properties. Adding 5% diethylene glycol can reduce the breaking strength of polyester by 10% and increase the elongation at break by 20%, meeting the demand for high-end clothing fabrics. For example, Uniqlo's Heattech series thermal underwear uses diethylene glycol modified polyester, which improves its thermal performance by 30% and has sold over 100 million pieces.
2. Printing and dyeing processing
As a dye solvent, it can increase the solubility of dyes by 30% -50%, and improve the uniformity of dyeing to over 95%.
In vat dyeing, it can be used as a hygroscopic solvent to shorten dyeing time by 1 hour and reduce energy consumption by 20%. For example, after using diethylene glycol as a solubilizer, Lutai Textile's one-time dyeing qualification rate increased from 85% to 98%, saving over ten million yuan in annual costs.
3. Post organization
As a fiber lubricant, it can reduce the friction damage of fabrics during sewing and ironing processes, and improve production efficiency by more than 15%. In functional finishing, it can act as a carrier to promote the penetration of antibacterial agents, flame retardants and other additives, increasing the finishing effect by 30%. For example, after treatment with diethylene glycol, the antibacterial rate of antibacterial polyester fabric can reach 99%, meeting the standards of medical protective clothing.
Energy sector: Innovative applications from traditional fuels to new energy
The application in the energy field covers fuel additives, biodiesel synthesis, and gas dehydration, and its environmental friendliness and efficiency have become the key to industry transformation.
1. Fuel additives
As a diesel anticoagulant, it can lower the pour point of diesel by 10-15 ℃, allowing it to maintain fluidity in low-temperature environments. For example, diesel fuel with added diethylene glycol can still start normally in an environment of -20 ℃, meeting the winter oil demand in northern regions. At the same time, it can also serve as a catalyst for biodiesel, increasing conversion rate by 10% and reducing acid value to below 0.5mgKOH/g, meeting the National VI standard.
2. Synthesis of biodiesel
Biodiesel can be prepared by reacting with fatty acid methyl esters, with a calorific value of up to 42MJ/kg, which is close to the level of petrochemical diesel.
This process can use waste oil as raw material, reduce production costs by 30%, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50%. For example, after adopting the diethylene glycol process, COFCO can produce 200000 tons of biodiesel annually, which is equivalent to reducing carbon emissions by 600000 tons.
3. Gas dehydration
By utilizing its strong hygroscopicity, water can be removed from natural gas, reducing the dew point of the gas to below -20 ℃, meeting the requirements of pipeline transportation. In the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG), it can be used as a dehydrating agent to reduce pre-treatment energy consumption by 20% and improve production efficiency. For example, after adopting the diethylene glycol dehydration process, the annual processing capacity of CNOOC Zhuhai LNG receiving station has increased by 1 million tons, ensuring energy supply to the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area.
Emerging fields: Cross border applications from nanotechnology to space exploration
With the advancement of technology, pure diethylene glycol has shown innovative potential in cutting-edge fields such as nanomaterials, space life support, and bioremediation.
1. Synthesis of nanomaterials
As a solvent and stabilizer, it can be used to prepare metal nanoparticles (such as silver and gold nanoparticles) with controllable particle sizes between 5-50nm and good dispersibility. This nanoparticle has broad application prospects in catalysis, sensing, and biomedical fields. For example, silver nanoparticles stabilized with diethylene glycol can increase the antibacterial rate to 99.9% in antibacterial coatings, which are applied to hospital walls and medical device surfaces.
2. Space life support
In the Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) of the International Space Station (ISS), diethylene glycol is used to decompose starch like substances in astronaut excrement with a recovery rate of 90%, providing inorganic salts for plant cultivation. In the simulation experiment of the Mars base, it can promote a 25% increase in carbon dioxide fixation efficiency and a 15% increase in oxygen production rate, providing technical support for long-term manned space missions.
3. Bioremediation
Magnetic nanoparticles modified with diethylene glycol (Fe ∝ O ₄ @ SiO ₂ - DEG) can efficiently adsorb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, with an adsorption capacity of 50mg/g and a degradation rate of>80% in 24 hours at 30 ℃. In the remediation of oil contaminated soil, this technology can increase the degradation rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to 90% and shorten the remediation period to 6 months, providing a new solution for environmental governance.
Diethylene glycol, as a multifunctional chemical raw material, has extended its application from traditional industry to cutting-edge technology fields, becoming a core force in promoting industrial green transformation and high-quality development. With the integration of synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and space technology, this ancient compound will continue to rejuvenate and provide innovative solutions for sustainable human development.
Pure diethylene glycol is a by-product of the production of ethanol from ethylene oxide.
Technological process:
Use the direct hydration method to mix ethylene oxide and water in a ratio of 1:8 and send them to the mixing reactor. At 150 ℃ MPa, the reaction lasts 40-60 min to generate a dehydration tower for further dehydration; The ethylene glycol mixture at the bottom of the tower is sent to the ethylene glycol tower, and more than 99.8% ethylene glycol can be obtained at the top of the tower. The tower bottom liquid is sent to the first condensation distillation tower, and diethylene glycol is obtained from the tower top under the tower top temperature of 135-140 ℃ and pressure of 4.0KPa. Continue to separate to obtain triethylene glycol diglycol and tetraethylene glycol diglycol.
Refining method: impurities include water, ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, etc. It can be refined by fractional crystallization after vacuum distillation. Take 1650mL of diethylene glycol for vacuum fractionation, discard 480mL of initial distillate, and collect 1000mL of middle distillate for fractional crystallization to obtain 700mL of diethylene glycol.
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