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SKQ1 is a small molecule mitochondrial targeted antioxidant that can penetrate the mitochondrial bilayer membrane through conjugated decyl chains and triphenylphosphonium groups, directly acting on the mitochondrial matrix, neutralizing peroxide free radicals (such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide), and reducing oxidative stress damage to mitochondria. The appearance is a brown solid, easily hygroscopic, soluble in organic solvents such as DMSO, and slightly soluble in water. It needs to be refrigerated (-20 ℃) to avoid light and moisture.
In animal models, visomitin Bromide can delay age-related ocular pathological changes (such as cataracts and retinal degeneration) and improve skin function (such as promoting wound healing and reducing wrinkles); In a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, visomitin Bromide can prevent neuronal loss and synaptic damage, and improve cognitive function; This substance protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced acute kidney injury in mice by reducing inflammatory responses (such as lowering IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF - α levels), regulating cell apoptosis (such as reducing Bax, Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression), and maintaining mitochondrial morphology.
Our product
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| Product Name | SKQ1 | SKQ1 Capsule |
| Product Type | Powder | Capsules |
| Product Purity | ≥99% | ≥99% |
| Product Specifications | 1mg/5mg/10mg | 10mg/30mg/50mg/100mg |
| Product Form | Organic synthesis | Take Orally |
SKQ1 COA
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| Certificate of Analysis | ||
| Compound name | SKQ1 Bromide | |
| Grade | Pharmaceutical grade | |
| CAS No. | 934826-68-3 | |
| Quantity | Customized | |
| Packaging standard | Customized | |
| Manufacturer | Shaanxi BLOOM TECH Co., Ltd | |
| Lot No. | 202601090056 | |
| MFG | Jan 9th 2026 | |
| EXP | Jan 8th 2029 | |
| Structure |
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| Item | Enterprise standard | Analysis result |
| Appearance | White or almost white powder | Conformed |
| Water content | ≤5.0% | 0.30% |
| Loss on drying | ≤1.0% | 0.15% |
| Heavy Metals | Pb≤0.5ppm | N.D. |
| As≤0.5ppm | N.D. | |
| Hg≤0.5ppm | N.D. | |
| Cd≤0.5ppm | N.D. | |
| Purity (HPLC) | ≥99.0% | 99.50% |
| Single impurity | <0.8% | 0.48% |
| Total microbial count | ≤750cfu/g | 80 |
| E. Coli | ≤2MPN/g | N.D. |
| Salmonella | N.D. | N.D. |
| Ethanol (by GC) | ≤5000ppm | 400ppm |
| Storage | Store in a sealed, dark, and dry place below -20°C | |
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| Chemical Formula | C36H42O2P |
| Exact Mass | 616.21 |
| Molecular Weight | 617.61 |
| m/z | 616.21 (100.0%), 618.21 (97.3%), 619.21 (37.9%), 537.29 (100.0%), 538.30 (38.9%), 539.30 (7.4%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 70.01; H, 6.85; Br, 12.94; O, 5.18; P, 5.02 |
SKQ1, as a targeted antioxidant targeting mitochondria, demonstrates unique application value in the field of anti-aging. Its applications mainly lie in the following aspects:
Delaying the aging process of cells
As one ages, the accumulation of free radicals within the body leads to cell damage and functional decline. Visomitin reduces oxidative damage at its root by neutralizing the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mitochondria, thereby delaying cell aging. Experimental results show that visomitin can significantly reduce the expression of aging markers (such as p16Ink4a, p21), inhibit the activation of key proteins in the cell apoptosis pathway (such as Bax, caspase-9), and thus protect cells from free radical damage.
For example, in transgenic mouse models, visomitin prolonged the lifespan of mice with accelerated aging due to mitochondrial mutations, and improved symptoms such as weight loss, decreased body temperature, osteoporosis and hair loss associated with aging.
Improving Skin Health
The skin is one of the organs most susceptible to oxidative damage in the human body. The antioxidant properties of visomitin help reduce wrinkles, enhance skin elasticity and radiance. Its mechanism of action includes:
Promote collagen synthesis: Visomitin reduces the damage to skin cells caused by free radicals, thereby promoting collagen production and enhancing skin elasticity.
Improve skin microstructure: Preclinical studies have shown that local application of visomitin can improve skin microstructure, reduce the depth of wrinkles, and enhance the skin barrier function.
Combat photoaging: Visomitin can neutralize the free radicals induced by ultraviolet rays, reducing the damage to the skin caused by photoaging.
Enhance overall health level
Visomitin may prevent various age-related diseases by reducing the damage to cells throughout the body caused by oxidative stress:
Cardiovascular health
The accumulation of free radicals is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Visomitin protects the cells within the cardiovascular system, preventing and slowing the occurrence and development of these diseases. For example, in a mouse model of acute kidney injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Visomitin pretreatment significantly reduced renal pathological damage, lowered serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors.
Brain function protection
Oxidative stress has a significant impact on nerve cells, leading to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Visomitin protects nerve cells through its antioxidant effect, enhances brain function, and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.
Immune system enhancement
Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the immune system. Visomitin reduces free radicals and alleviates the damage to immune cells caused by oxidative stress, enhances the function of the immune system, and strengthens the body's ability to fight diseases.
Therapeutic potential for specific aging-related diseases
SKQ1 shows potential in the treatment of various aging-related diseases:
Dry Eye Syndrome
Visomitin eye drops (trade name Visomitin) have been commercialized for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. It targets and blocks the oxidative stress response in the eyes, not only reducing inflammatory reactions but also improving issues such as degeneration of ocular surface tissues and deterioration of tear quality. Clinical trials have shown that Visomitin can effectively improve the eye symptoms and signs of patients with dry eye syndrome.
Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA)
Visomitin significantly reduces ROS levels in the articular cartilage of PTOA model rats by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, and suppressing the expression of key proteins in the apoptotic pathway, thereby delaying the progression of PTOA.
Acute Kidney Injury
Visomitin pretreatment can protect mice with acute kidney injury induced by LPS. The mechanism may be achieved by reducing inflammatory responses, regulating abnormal cell apoptosis, lowering oxidative stress levels, and maintaining normal mitochondrial morphology.
Development and Application of Anti-Aging Products
Due to visomitin's outstanding performance in delaying aging, it has been widely applied in anti-aging products. For example, skincare products, health supplements, and eye drops containing visomitin provide antioxidant protection through different pathways to delay the aging process of the human body.
Antioxidant mechanism
SKQ1 is a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant with a unique and highly efficient antioxidant mechanism. It demonstrates significant advantages in delaying aging and preventing diseases.
Mechanism of action: Neutralizes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and blocks the oxidative damage chain
Mitochondria are the "energy factories" of cells. During the process of energy conversion, they generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. Although these ROS are involved in cell signal transduction, excessive accumulation can attack mitochondrial DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently causing cell death and accelerating aging and disease occurrence in the body. Visomitin directly blocks this oxidative damage chain by providing electrons to neutralize ROS.
For example, in a mouse model of acute kidney injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), visomitin pretreatment significantly reduced the level of ROS in kidney tissue, alleviated mitochondrial swelling and cristae rupture, and thereby protected kidney function.
Targeting: Lipophilic cationic structure achieves precise localization of mitochondria
The antioxidant activity of visomitin is highly dependent on its ability to target mitochondria. Its molecular structure consists of three parts:
Triphenylphosphine (TPP) cation: Gives visomitin a positive charge and lipophilicity, enabling it to penetrate the cell membrane and the mitochondrial double membrane.
Decyl chain: As a hydrophobic linker, it enhances the fluidity of the molecule within the membrane and promotes transmembrane transport.
Antioxidant group (4,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxo-cyclohex-1,4-diene-1-yl): Directly neutralizes ROS.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is negatively charged due to the presence of cardiolipin, forming a transmembrane potential gradient. visomitin actively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix through an electrochemical gradient (concentration can reach 1000 times that in the cytoplasm), directly neutralizing the free radicals in the ROS generation zone. This targeting property makes its antioxidant efficiency much higher than that of traditional antioxidants (such as vitamin C and E), which cannot penetrate the mitochondrial membrane and can only neutralize ROS in the cytoplasm.
Recovery capacity: Low-dose long-acting antioxidant
The antioxidant effect of visomitin is sustainable, and its mechanism includes:
Regeneration of the respiratory chain: After reacting with ROS, visomitin is oxidized, but the electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain can reduce it and restore its antioxidant activity, restoring its antioxidant function. This cyclic regeneration process enables visomitin to exert long-term effects at low doses.Accumulation effect: Visomitin accumulates in the mitochondria, forming a stable concentration gradient, continuously neutralizing ROS.
For example, in the model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), 500 nM visomitin significantly reduced the ROS levels in the articular cartilage and maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential.This characteristic makes the recommended dose of visomitin extremely low (such as using it every other day, 3 pumps each time), and it has no dose-dependent toxicity like traditional antioxidants.
Multi-domain application: From anti-aging to disease treatment
The antioxidant mechanism of visomitin enables it to demonstrate application potential in multiple fields:
Anti-aging: By reducing oxidative stress, Visomitin can delay skin aging (such as reducing wrinkles and enhancing elasticity), improve organ functions (such as the kidneys and heart), and extend lifespan. For example, in aging mouse models, Visomitin improved abnormal gait and hair graying.
Eye diseases: Visomitin eye drops (Visomitin) have been commercialized for the treatment of dry eye syndrome, by neutralizing eye ROS, reducing inflammation and tissue degeneration.
Osteoarthritis: Visomitin delays the progression of PTOA and improves joint function by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress.
Acute kidney injury: Visomitin pretreatment can reduce LPS-induced kidney injury, achieving protective effects by reducing inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis.
Neuroprotection: Visomitin can reduce ROS accumulation in neurons and prevent neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease).
Other fields: Visomitin can also prevent hypothermia, reduce the range of myocardial infarction, eliminate arrhythmias, reduce the range of ischemic brain injury, prevent renal infarction, and delay age-related thymus atrophy.
SKQ1 (Visomitin, (10-(4,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)decyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide) is a mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone-decyl-triphenylphosphonium antioxidant. Its classical synthesis consists of three core stages: functionalization of the plastoquinone scaffold, coupling of the long alkyl chain, and phosphonium quaternization followed by salt purification.The starting material adopted is 2,3-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (dimethyl plastoquinone scaffold).
First, a 10-bromodecyl side chain is introduced via radical alkylation: the reaction proceeds under heating in an acetonitrile-water mixed medium with ammonium persulfate as the initiator and silver nitrate as the catalyst. The brominated decyl alkyl group is attached to the active site of the quinone ring. The reaction endpoint is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the intermediate 10-bromodecyl dimethyl-p-benzoquinone is isolated via silica gel column chromatography.
The second step is the phosphonium quaternization reaction. The aforementioned bromoalkyl quinone and excess triphenylphosphine are dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile and refluxed for several days under an inert atmosphere. An SN2 nucleophilic substitution occurs between the alkyl bromide and triphenylphosphine to yield crude phosphonium bromide. Strict water exclusion and light shielding are required in this step to prevent oxidative degradation of the quinone ring.
After concentration of the crude product, fine purification is performed using reversed-phase or normal-phase silica gel chromatography to elute unreacted triphenylphosphine and quinone byproducts. The solvent is removed by rotary evaporation to afford pale yellow solid visomitin. Conventional processes deliver a moderate yield. Industrial-scale routes mitigate quinone ring side reactions by optimizing the preparation procedure of bromoalkyl quinone and adopting mild oxidative systems.
Recrystallization can be applied to further raise product purity to meet pharmacological and formulation specifications.The key challenges of this synthetic route lie in the oxidative lability of the quinone moiety and the low reactivity observed during long-chain phosphonium quaternization. Subsequent improved processes employ stepwise protection-deprotection tactics and catalytic phosphonium-forming systems to shorten reaction durations, suitable for laboratory preparation and small-scale active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing.
FAQ
1. What is the main mechanism of action?
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As a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, it aims to reduce cellular oxidative damage and support the health of cellular energy metabolism.
2. How is the current research progress?
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It has shown potential in multiple preclinical studies and has been applied and observed as a product component in specific fields (such as ophthalmology) in some countries.
3. What are the main application areas?
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The research covers multiple fields such as eye health, skin care and metabolic support. The specific application depends on the form and concentration of the product.
4. How to obtain and use?
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The regulatory status varies in different countries. In some regions, it is provided as a professional product or a skin care ingredient. Before use, please read the product instructions carefully and follow professional advice.
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