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Ethyl stearate, also known as Ethyl Octadecanoate or Octadecanoic Acid Ethyl Ester, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C20H40O2. It is commonly referred to by its aliases such as thyl stearate, Stearic Acid Ethyl Ester, and Octadecanoic Acid Ethyl Ester. It exists as a white crystalline solid at room temperature, with almost no odor. However, it can also be described as a colorless and odorless liquid under certain conditions. Melting point typically ranges between 33-38°C, depending on the purity and manufacturing process. Boiling point around 213-215°C under normal pressure. Solubility soluble in ethanol and ether but insoluble in water.
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Chemical Formula |
C20H40O2 |
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Exact Mass |
312.30 |
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Molecular Weight |
312.54 |
| m/z | 312.30 (100.0%), 313.31 (21.6%), 314.31 (2.2%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 76.86; H, 12.90; O, 10.24 |
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Melting Point |
34-38 °C(lit.) |
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Boiling Point |
213-215 °C15 mm Hg(lit.) |
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Density |
1.057 |
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Refractive Index |
1.4349 |
| Flash Point | >230 °F |
| Storage Conditions | 2-8°C |
| Solubility | Chloroform (Slightly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly) |
| Form | White Crystalline Mass |
| Odor | Waxy |
Ethyl stearate (chemical formula C ₂₀ H ₄₀ O ₂) is an organic compound formed by the esterification reaction of stearic acid and ethanol. At room temperature, it is a white crystalline solid or a colorless to pale yellow transparent oily liquid with a weak oily odor. Its unique chemical structure endows it with lubricity, emulsification, stability, and skin friendliness, making it widely used in various fields such as industry, food, cosmetics, and medicine.
In industry, it is mainly used as a lubricant, water repellent, and emulsifier, and its application scenarios cover multiple sub industries such as plastic processing, rubber manufacturing, coatings and inks.
1. Plastic processing lubricant
In the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes, sheets, and films, as an internal lubricant, it improves material flowability and reduces equipment wear by reducing intermolecular friction. Its thermal stability can prevent material degradation during processing and ensure the smoothness of the product surface. For example, in PVC film manufacturing, adding thyl stearate can significantly reduce film thickness deviation and improve yield.
2. Rubber industry functional enhancer
In rubber synthesis and processing, it plays multiple roles as a vulcanizing agent, plasticizer, and softener. In natural rubber processing, it can promote uniform vulcanization reaction and improve the wear resistance of products; In the field of synthetic rubber, the aging resistance is improved by adjusting the flexibility of molecular chains. In addition, in the manufacture of foam rubber, thyl stearate as a foaming agent can control the bubble size distribution and optimize the product density and elasticity.
3. Coating ink leveling and dispersion
In the coating formula, improving leveling by reducing surface tension and eliminating orange peel phenomenon on the coating surface. Its emulsifying properties can promote uniform dispersion of pigments and prevent precipitation and agglomeration.
For example, adding thyl stearate to automotive coatings can increase coating glossiness by 15% -20% and enhance weather resistance. The ink industry utilizes its water resistance to enhance the moisture resistance of printed materials and extend their shelf life.
4. Water resistant treatment of paper and leather
As an anti water agent, it can form a hydrophobic film on the surface of paper to prevent moisture from penetrating. Experimental data shows that the contact angle of paper treated with thyl stearate can reach over 120 °, and the water absorption rate is reduced by 80%. In leather processing, it can penetrate into the gaps between fibers to form a protective layer, which not only maintains the softness of leather but also enhances its anti fouling ability.
Food Industry: Flavor and Process Optimization
The application of ethyl stearate in the food industry focuses on spice formulation and process improvement. Its safety has been certified by FEMA (Food Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association), allowing for limited use in various types of food.
1. Core ingredients of bacon essence
It is the key raw material for preparing bacon flavor essence, and its unique ester flavor can simulate the flavor of fat oxidation products in the curing process of bacon. By mixing with smoked spices and spicy spices, a layered bacon essence can be developed, which is widely used in convenient food, seasoning and meat products processing. For example, thyl stearate accounted for 12% of a brand of sausage essence, significantly improving product flavor recognition.
2. Food processing technology improver
In candy manufacturing, as an emulsifier, it can stabilize the sugar structure and prevent chocolate coating cracking; In frozen dairy products, it can reduce the rate of ice crystal formation and enhance the delicacy of the taste; In the beverage field, its solubility is used to improve the dispersion of essence and ensure the uniform release of flavor. FEMA stipulates that its maximum usage is 2.0mg/kg for non-alcoholic beverages, 4.0mg/kg for alcoholic beverages, 8.0mg/kg for cold drinks, and 16.0mg/kg for candies.
Cosmetics field: Skin feel and efficacy upgrade
With its skin friendly and stable properties, it has become a "universal additive" in cosmetic formulas, especially outstanding in cosmetics and skincare products.
1. Skin texture optimization of cosmetics products
In liquid foundation, lipstick, eye shadow and other cosmetics, the product can be improved by forming a thin waterproof film. Its high ductility can increase the smoothness of liquid foundation application by 30%, and reduce powder sticking. The experiment shows that the lipstick added with 2% thyl stearate can prolong the makeup holding time to more than 6 hours, and increase the color saturation by 15%.
2. Enhanced efficacy of skincare products
In skin care products such as face cream and lotion, it can be used as an emulsifier to stabilize the oil-water mixture and prevent ingredients from layering. Its antioxidant properties can protect active ingredients such as vitamin C and peptides from degradation, maintaining the stability of product efficacy. In addition, its penetration promoting properties can increase the absorption rate of natural ingredients such as avocado fat and hemp extract, enhancing moisturizing and anti wrinkle effects. Clinical tests showed that after 4 weeks of use, the depth of skin fine lines decreased by 22% and the elasticity increased by 18% with the face cream containing thyl stearate.
3. Silicon free formula alternative solution
With the increasing demand for natural ingredients among consumers, it has become the preferred "silicone free formula" due to its ability to simulate the smooth texture of silicone and its biodegradability. A certain brand of silicone free shampoo reduces the rinse residue rate to 0.3% while maintaining hair softness by adding thyl stearate, which is much lower than the 2.5% of silicone oil products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is mainly used as an excipient, and its chemical inertness and stability ensure drug safety.
1. Pill lubricant
In the tablet pressing process, it can reduce the friction between the tablet and the mold, prevent sticking and flushing, and improve the yield of finished products. Its lubricating effect is superior to traditional magnesium stearate, especially suitable for high-dose drug tablet pressing. For example, after a certain antibiotic tablet production line switched to thyl stearate, the waste tablet rate decreased from 5% to 0.8%.
2. Ingredients of ointment base
In topical ointments, as a matrix, it can regulate the drug release rate and enhance skin permeability. The emulsion system formed between it and the aqueous phase can stabilize the active ingredients of drugs and extend their shelf life. Research has shown that anti-inflammatory ointments containing ethyl stearate increase drug penetration by 40% compared to traditional matrices, and shorten the onset time to 15 minutes.
Naturally present in tobacco and grape brandy, its unique aroma becomes a key ingredient in flavor modification.
1. Tobacco flavoring agent
In cigarette processing, it can mask tobacco impurities and enhance the fullness of aroma. It can be compounded with fragrances such as vanillin and phenethyl acetate to develop cigarette products with fruity and milky characteristics. Experiments have shown that adding 0.5% thyl stearate to cigarettes increases the smoking quality score by 12% and reduces the perception of impurities by 30%.
2. Wine flavor modification
In brandy brewing, aromatic esters are generated through ester exchange reactions to enhance the complexity of the liquor. Its content is positively correlated with the age of the wine, becoming an important indicator for judging the quality of the wine. For example, the content of thyl stearate in brandy aged for 10 years can reach 15mg/L, which is three times that of new brandy.
The application of thyl stearate in the field of environmental protection is still in the exploratory stage, and its derivatives have shown potential for pollutant detection and adsorption.
1. Fluorescent probe detection of heavy metals
Fluorescent probes with specific response to heavy metal ions such as mercury and lead can be synthesized through chemical modification. At pH=7, the detection limit of the probe for Pb ² ⁺ is as low as 0.1 μ M, and it has strong anti-interference ability, which can be used for actual water sample detection.
2. Adsorption materials remove organic matter
Loading thyl stearate onto the surface of porous materials can prepare highly efficient adsorbents. The experiment showed that the material has an adsorption capacity of 120mg/g for phenol, and can be recycled through ethanol desorption. After 5 cycles, the adsorption efficiency still remains above 90%.
Ethyl stearate, also known as octadecyl ethanoate or ethyl octadecanoate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C20H40O2. It is an ester formed from the condensation of stearic acid and ethanol. The synthesis typically involves an esterification reaction, which can be catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Here is a detailed overview of the synthesis method, primarily focusing on the catalytic esterification process:
- Stearic Acid: The carboxylic acid reactant.
- Ethanol: The alcohol reactant.
- Catalyst: A substance that accelerates the reaction rate without being consumed in the process. Common catalysts include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or more recently, composite inorganic salts catalysts.
- Temperature: The reaction is typically conducted at elevated temperatures, ranging from moderate to high, depending on the catalyst used. Higher temperatures can increase the reaction rate but may also lead to side reactions.
- Pressure: The reaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure or under a slight pressure to favor the condensation of ethanol vapor.
- Catalyst Concentration: The amount of catalyst used is optimized to maximize yield while minimizing by-product formation.
- The esterification reaction involves the nucleophilic attack of the alcohol's oxygen on the carbonyl carbon of the carboxylic acid, resulting in the formation of an ester and water as a by-product.
- In the presence of an acid catalyst, the reaction proceeds via the formation of an acyl cation intermediate.
- Base-catalyzed reactions proceed through the formation of an alkoxide intermediate.
- Composite Inorganic Salts Catalyst: Recent research has focused on using composite inorganic salts as catalysts for the esterification of stearic acid with ethanol. This method offers the advantage of higher yields and lower environmental impact compared to traditional acid or base catalysts.
- Optimal Conditions: For instance, using a composite catalyst of iron(III) sulfate and potassium sulfate in a specific ratio (e.g., n(Fe2(SO4)3):n(K2SO4) = 3.2:1), a molar ratio of stearic acid to ethanol of 1:1.7, and a reaction time of 140 minutes, yields up to 86.66% have been reported.
- After the reaction is complete, the mixture is typically cooled and the catalyst is neutralized or removed.
- The ester can then be separated from the aqueous phase by distillation or other suitable separation techniques.
- Further purification steps, such as recrystallization or distillation, may be necessary to obtain the desired purity.
Safety Considerations
- It is flammable and should be handled with caution.
- The reaction should be conducted in a well-ventilated area, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn.
- Emergency procedures for fire, spill, and exposure should be in place.
Chemical Composition and Classification:
Ethyl stearate is an ester formed from the reaction of stearic acid and ethanol. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in animal fats and some vegetable oils, while ethanol is a widely used alcohol.
Early Use and Industrial Development:
The synthesis of esters, including thyl stearate, likely predates their systematic study and naming in modern chemistry. Early chemists and industrialists may have encountered esters during the processing of fats and oils, where natural esterification reactions can occur.
As the chemical industry developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, the synthesis of esters became more systematic and controlled. Industrial processes were developed to produce esters for various applications, including lubricants, solvents, and fragrances.
Commercialization and Industrial Use:
As a specific ester, likely emerged as a commercial product during this period of industrialization. Its properties, such as high stability, low volatility, and good solubility in oils and fats, made it suitable for use in a variety of industrial applications.
Over time, it has found widespread use as a component in personal care products, cosmetics, lubricants, and food additives.
Scientific Research and Improved Synthesis Methods:
As scientific understanding of chemical reactions and catalysis advanced, researchers developed more efficient and environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing it. This included the use of alternative catalysts, such as enzymes or composite inorganic salts, which can reduce waste and improve product yields.
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