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Chlortetracycline powder (flamycin) is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is a golden crystalline with no odor and a bitter taste. The molecular formula C22H23ClN2O8, CAS 57-62-5, has a stable crystal structure and can be stored in air for a long time. However, when exposed to light, its color gradually darkens from golden yellow to dark brown or black, which is related to its photosensitivity. In dry and low-temperature environments (such as 20 ℃), its biological activity can be stably maintained for 36-60 months without significant decline in potency.
It has a certain degree of lipophilicity and can penetrate the cell membrane into the interior of bacteria, but this also makes it prone to form insoluble chelates with metal ions (such as Ca ² ⁺, Mg ² ⁺), reducing its bioavailability. In the blood, the binding rate of chlorotetracycline to plasma proteins is relatively low (about 20-30%), so it can be widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, especially in organs such as the liver and kidneys.

Additional information of chemical compound:

Chlortetracycline COA



Applications in Molecular Biology Research

Screening of Genetically Engineered Strains and Resistance Marker Selection
Chlortetracycline powder is a common antibiotic screening reagent for molecular biology experiments, primarily applied to strain screening in prokaryotic genetic engineering. During plasmid vector construction, researchers routinely integrate the chlortetracycline resistance gene as a screening marker gene into target plasmid vectors. After introducing recombinant plasmids into host strains such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, an appropriate concentration of flamycin is supplemented to culture media.
Wild-type strains without successfully transformed plasmids cease to grow due to blocked protein synthesis, while only transformed strains carrying the resistance gene can proliferate normally, enabling efficient isolation of positive engineered strains.
Compared with screening reagents like ampicillin and kanamycin, flamycin delivers more stable screening performance with fewer risks of screening failure and miscellaneous bacterial contamination. It is suitable for screening experiments involving long-term cultivation and serial subculture of engineered strains, and is widely adopted in fundamental research workflows including gene cloning, vector expression, and heterologous protein expression.

Purification of Microbial Strains and Contamination Control
Miscellaneous bacterial contamination is a core factor compromising the accuracy of experimental results in microbial cultivation and cell biology research. The broad-spectrum bacteriostatic property of flamycin selectively inhibits the proliferation of unwanted microbes within experimental systems, while exhibiting extremely low toxicity to eukaryotic cells and fungi without disrupting the normal growth and metabolism of target strains and cells.
In fungal strain purification, animal and plant cell culture, and phage amplification experiments, low-concentration flamycin effectively suppresses bacterial contamination from the environment, preventing system failure and data distortion caused by overgrowth of miscellaneous microbes.In addition, its excellent water solubility allows accurate preparation of serially diluted solutions compatible with diverse experimental systems including solid agar plates, liquid culture media, and cell culture fluids, making it a standard bacteriostatic and antiseptic reagent in molecular biology laboratories.


Construction of Experimental Models for Biological Mechanism Research
The specific bacteriostatic mechanism of chlortetracycline renders it a core experimental tool for investigating bacterial drug resistance, ribosomal function, and regulatory mechanisms of microbial metabolism. Researchers establish chlortetracycline treatment groups with varying concentrations and exposure durations to construct bacterial drug resistance induction models, exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying microbial drug resistance gene mutation, resistance gene transmission, and evolutionary development of drug-resistant flora.
Relying on its targeted binding affinity to bacterial ribosomes, chlortetracycline supports fundamental research on prokaryotic protein synthesis regulation, verification of antibiotic action targets, and microbial stress response. It provides experimental support for the development of novel antibiotics and exploration of bacterial drug resistance prevention mechanisms, serving as an indispensable model reagent for molecular mechanism studies.

Applications in Food Preservation
Preservation and Bacteriostasis of Fresh Raw Materials
Fresh livestock meat, aquatic products, fruits and vegetables are susceptible to contamination by pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella during storage and transportation, leading to spoilage and deterioration. At compliant concentrations, chlortetracycline powder acts as an auxiliary food preservative that slows raw material spoilage by inhibiting microbial proliferation.
For fresh aquatic product preservation, immersion in low-concentration chlortetracycline aqueous solution effectively suppresses psychrophilic and spoilage bacteria on aquatic surfaces, extending cold-chain storage and transportation cycles.
For livestock meat preservation, micro-spray treatment blocks pathogenic bacterial metabolism and reduces spoilage symptoms including sourness, stickiness, and discoloration. This application method features high safety and controllable residual levels, complying with food preservation regulatory standards, and is extensively used for fresh raw materials in long-distance cold-chain logistics.
Bacteriostasis and Preservation During Food Processing
In the production of prefabricated foods, fermented foods and condiments, environmental miscellaneous bacterial contamination frequently triggers product deterioration and shortened shelf life.


Flamycin delivers bacteriostatic protection for food processing environments and semi-finished products, restraining the propagation of harmful bacteria on processing equipment and in production facilities to lower contamination rates during manufacturing.
In the production of certain fermented foods, it precisely inhibits the overgrowth of unwanted microbes, preventing nutrient competition and interference with fermentation by beneficial flora to stabilize fermentation processes and improve food quality and finished product yield. It boasts high bacteriostatic efficiency with ultra-low required dosage, without altering food flavor, color or nutritional composition, and fits a wide range of food processing scenarios.
Applications in Daily Chemical Industry
Additive for Skin Care Bacteriostatic Products
Daily chemical products are prone to bacterial and mold growth during storage and use, resulting in product deterioration, efficacy loss, and even cutaneous infections. Flamycin features mild yet potent bacteriostatic activity, exerting significant inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria responsible for skin inflammation and acne such as Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. It can be legally incorporated into anti-acne skincare products and soothing repair daily chemicals.


Micro-addition achieves long-lasting bacteriostasis: it inhibits the proliferation of harmful flora on the skin surface to balance cutaneous microecology, while preventing microbial contamination of skincare formulations and extending product shelf life, combining skincare efficacy with antiseptic functions.
Antiseptic and Bacteriostatic Agent for Cleansing and Washing Products
Water-based daily chemical products including hand sanitizers, body washes, laundry detergents, and cleansing creams contain abundant moisture and nutrients in their matrices, creating ideal breeding grounds for microorganisms.
As a high-efficiency antiseptic and bacteriostatic auxiliary, chlortetracycline powder can be added to all types of cleansing products to suppress the growth of bacteria, molds and yeasts, avoiding deterioration issues such as product stratification, mold growth and off-odors.
Compared with traditional chemical preservatives, it offers superior biocompatibility and lower irritation, compatible with mild formulations for maternal, infant and sensitive-skin care products. It maintains robust bacteriostatic and antiseptic performance while reducing skin irritation risks associated with daily chemical formulations.

Applications in Agricultural Preservation and Protection
Prevention and Control of Crop Diseases
Bacterial and mycoplasmal crop diseases constitute one of the primary causes of yield reduction in agricultural production. Flamycin exhibits excellent control efficacy against multiple bacterial crop diseases including rice bacterial leaf blight, citrus canker, vegetable soft rot, and bacterial fruit spot disease. Applied via diluted foliar spraying or root irrigation, it penetrates crop tissues, inhibits protein synthesis in pathogenic bacteria and blocks disease transmission and spread, with no obvious inhibitory impact on crop growth.
Its broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity targets multiple field diseases simultaneously, reducing repeated pesticide application and cutting agricultural production costs. It is widely adopted for green prevention and control of fruits, vegetables, grain and oil crops.
Post-Harvest Preservation of Agricultural Products
Harvested fruits, vegetables, grains and cash crops are susceptible to microbial infection leading to rot and mildew during storage and transportation. Compliance-diluted flamycin solution is applicable to post-harvest treatment of agricultural products.
After spraying or immersion treatment, it suppresses proliferation of surface pathogenic bacteria and molds, lowering fruit and vegetable rot rates and grain mildew rates to effectively extend the fresh-keeping cycle of agricultural commodities. This preservation method features simple operation and low cost, suited for large-scale agricultural product storage and transportation, and helps minimize post-harvest agricultural losses.
Bacteriostatic Protection for Livestock and Aquaculture
Flamycin serves as a standard bacteriostatic auxiliary in livestock and aquaculture farming.
It can be used for bacteriostatic disinfection of aquaculture water and breeding sheds, restraining the propagation of harmful bacteria and mycoplasmas in water and breeding environments to reduce the incidence of bacterial diseases in livestock and aquatic animals.
When added to feed at compliant micro-dosages, it optimizes the intestinal flora structure of farmed animals, alleviates intestinal infections and improves feed conversion efficiency. It delivers dual functions of disease prevention and growth promotion, acting as a vital bacteriostatic and antiseptic raw material within sustainable green farming systems.

1. Solubility
The solubility of chlorotetracycline has significant characteristics:
Extremely soluble in water: The solubility in pure water is extremely low (0.86g/mL at 28 ℃), but soluble in salt solutions (such as sodium chloride solution).
Partially soluble in organic solvents: Chlortetracycline hydrochloride form is slightly soluble in methanol, water, and ethanol, but almost insoluble in non-polar organic solvents such as acetone, ether, chloroform, etc.
PH dependence: Differential isomerization is prone to occur under acidic conditions (pH 2-6), resulting in the formation of inactive differential streptomycin; Easy to dehydrate and form dehydrated streptomycin in strongly acidic environments (pH<2); In alkaline conditions (pH>7), it rapidly decays and degrades (such as a half-life of only 3.5 hours at pH 9.8).
2. Melting point and boiling point
Melting point: 168-169 ℃ (decomposition), indicating that it undergoes a decomposition rection when heated to this temperature, releasing carbon dioxide and water, and generating black degradation products.
Boiling point: The theoretical predicted value is 821.1 ℃, but in reality, it is difficult to reach this temperature due to decomposition rections.
3. Density and refractive index
Density: 1.7g/cm ³ (crystalline state), higher than most organic compounds, due to its complex molecular structure.
Refractive index: approximately 1.6000 (estimated value), reflecting its optical properties and can be used for purity testing.

The common synthesis methods of chlortetracycline powder (aureomycin) mainly include biological fermentation and chemical synthesis. Among them, biological fermentation is the main pathway for industrial production, while chemical synthesis is used for the preparation or structural modification of specific derivatives. The following is a detailed explanation of the specific method:
Biological fermentation method: the core technology of industrial production
The biological fermentation method uses Streptomyces aureofaciens as the production strain, and achieves efficient synthesis of chlorotetracycline through fermentation engineering. The process flow can be divided into the following key steps:
Breeding of bacterial strains and optimization of culture media
Strain selection: Screening high-yield strains through natural selection, mutagenesis breeding, or genetic engineering methods. For example, using PCR targeting technology to knock out non essential gene clusters in Streptomyces coelicolor can simplify metabolic pathways and increase the yield of target products.
Culture medium design: The fermentation medium should contain carbon sources (such as glucose and starch), nitrogen sources (such as yeast extract and peptone), inorganic salts (such as phosphate and magnesium salts), and precursor substances (such as malonic acid). Among them, the addition of chloride ions is a key step in the synthesis of chlorotetracycline, which can be promoted by adding sodium chloride or ammonium chloride.
Fermentation process control
Fermentation conditions: Temperature controlled at 28-30 ℃, pH maintained at 6.5-7.5, dissolved oxygen level adjusted by stirring and aeration rate. During the initial stage of fermentation, Streptomyces coelicolor mainly grows as bacterial cells, and later enters the stage of product synthesis.
Metabolic regulation: By adding inhibitors such as sodium chloride or thiol benzothiazole (M-promoter), metabolic flow can be regulated and the proportion of chlorotetracycline can be increased. For example, adding sodium bromide as a competitive inhibitor to the culture medium can inhibit the addition of chlorine, thereby directing the fermentation to produce tetracycline.
Product extraction and purification
Precipitation method:
After acidification (pH 4.5-5.0) of the fermentation broth, chlorotetracycline precipitates as a free acid and is separated by filtration.
Solvent extraction method:
Utilizing the difference in solubility of chlorotetracycline in different pH and solvents, organic solvents such as pentanol and pentyl acetate are used for extraction.
Ion exchange method:
Chlortetracycline is adsorbed by anion exchange resin and further purified by washing with methanol or ethanol.
Crystallization process:
After the crude product is dissolved and salted (such as hydrochloride), it is crystallized by controlling temperature and concentration to obtain high-purity chlorotetracycline.
Chemical synthesis method: structural modification and derivative preparation
The chemical synthesis method is mainly used to prepare chlorotetracycline derivatives or optimize their properties through structural modification. Here are two typical methods:
Palladium catalyzed hydrogenation reaction
Reaction principle: Using chlorotetracycline as the raw material, specific functional groups or modified side chains are introduced through hydrogenation rection under the action of palladium catalyst. For example, chlorotetracycline can be converted into tetracycline through palladium catalyzed hydrogenation, but this method is more commonly used for laboratory research rather than industrial production.
Application scenario: Chemical synthesis method has important value in the preparation of semi synthetic tetracycline antibiotics (such as minocycline and doxycycline), but the chemical synthesis of chlorotetracycline itself is relatively limited due to its complex steps and high cost.
FAQ
How does Chlortetracycline resistance occur?
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Common resistance mechanisms include:
• Overexpression of bacterial efflux pumps to expel the drug
• Mutation of ribosomal target sites to reduce drug binding affinity
• Production of tetracycline-degrading enzymes
Chlortetracycline shows complete cross-resistance with other tetracycline antibiotics.
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