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2-Ethylhexyl stearate, also known as octaethyl stearate or octyl stearate, is an organic compound belonging to the ester class. At room temperature, it is liquid and its color is usually colorless to light yellow. Molecular formula C26H52O2, CAS 22047-49-0. It has good solubility in most organic solvents, such as alcohols, ketones, esters, etc. However, its solubility in water is very low, which is determined by its hydrophobicity. It has good fluidity at room temperature, and its viscosity is moderate, neither too thick nor too thin. This makes it easy to handle during processing, such as for lubrication, coating, and ink manufacturing. The thermal conductivity is also relatively low, which means it is not a good thermal conductivity material. In applications that require good heat conduction, it may not be the best choice. Mainly used as a moisturizer, softener, penetrating agent, and solvent. Widely used in industries such as cosmetics. Mainly used as oily raw materials such as cream, snow cream, and cold cream, it can also be used as an emulsifier in cream products. In addition, it can also be used as a fat rich agent, softener, skin cleansing solvent, cream gloss agent, etc. The fatty acid used in cosmetics is stearic acid. It has the functions of emulsifier, sunscreen, stabilizer, and viscosity regulator, and is an important raw material for various cosmetics.
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Chemical Formula |
C26H52O2 |
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Exact Mass |
396 |
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Molecular Weight |
397 |
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m/z |
396 (100.0%), 397 (28.1%), 398 (2.7%), 398 (1.1%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 78.72; H, 13.21; O, 8.07 |
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Boiling point 420.33 ° C (rough estimate), Density 0.8789 (rough estimate), Refractive index 1.4563 (estimate), Sealed in dry, room temperature, Specific gravity 0.826, Toxicity SKN RBT 500 mg MLD jactdz 4 (5), 107,85.
2-Ethylhexyl stearate (CAS number: 22047-49-0) is a non-ionic surfactant synthesized by esterification of stearic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. Its molecular formula is C ₂₆ H ₅ ₂ O ₂ and its molecular weight is 396.69. Its physical properties as a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid, combined with low toxicity, high stability, and excellent lubricity and permeability, make it a key additive in various fields such as cosmetics, plastic processing, rubber industry, textile printing and dyeing, pharmaceutical synthesis, etc.
1. Basic moisturizer
It is a widely used moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics, and its long-chain fatty acid structure (C18) is highly similar to the lipid layer of the skin, which can form a dense moisturizing film and reduce water evaporation. The experimental data shows that adding 3% -5% octyl stearate to lotion can increase skin water content by 20% -30%, and maintain moisture for more than 8 hours. For example, an international brand of body lotion claims to achieve "24-hour long-lasting moisturizing" by compounding octyl stearate and ceramide, and market feedback shows that the dryness rate of users' skin has been reduced by 42%.
2. Solvent and penetration enhancer
Can be used as a solvent for active ingredients such as vitamin C and retinol to enhance their stability. Its low surface tension characteristics can also promote component penetration.
For example, in the anti-aging essence, it can increase the percutaneous absorption rate of retinol by 15%, while reducing irritation. A clinical study showed that after using retinol products containing octyl stearate, the reduction rate of fine lines on users' skin increased by 18% compared to traditional formulas.
3. Texture modifiers
In lipstick, lipstick and other solid cosmetics, the melting point and hardness can be adjusted. The melting point of lipstick can be controlled at 55-60 ℃ by mixing with beeswax and candelilla wax, which can not only ensure the solid stability at room temperature, but also achieve a smooth feeling when applying.
Octyl stearate accounts for 12% of the lipstick formula of a well-known brand, and the user test shows that the "smoothness of application" score is 4.8/5.0.
4. Sun protection products increase efficiency
2-Ethylhexyl stearate can improve the dispersibility of sunscreen and reduce the phenomenon of "white film". In physical sunscreen, when combined with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, it can increase SPF value by 10% -15% while reducing greasiness. A certain sunscreen achieved a balance between high protective power of SPF50+and PA++++and refreshing skin sensation by optimizing the proportion of this substance.
Plastic Processing: The Dual Role of Lubrication and Plasticization
1. PVC internal lubricant
It is a classic internal lubricant in PVC processing, and the long-chain alkyl groups in its molecular structure can be inserted between PVC molecular chains to reduce melt viscosity. Experiments have shown that adding 0.5% -1.0% octyl stearate in the production of rigid PVC pipes can reduce extrusion pressure by 15% -20% and improve surface glossiness. A certain pipe company has reduced production energy consumption by 12% and increased product qualification rate to 99.2% by optimizing the lubrication system.
2. Food grade transparent material plasticizer
Compliant with FDA 21 CFR 175.300 standard, it can be used for plasticizing food contact grade PVC film and heat shrink film. It can be compounded with epoxidized soybean oil to achieve a film transmittance of over 92%, while meeting the restrictions of the EU REACH regulation on phthalates. After adopting this solution, a packaging company successfully entered the EU market through SGS testing.
3. Aluminum foil rolling lubricant
In aluminum foil production, it can be used as a rolling oil additive to reduce friction between the metal and the rolling mill. Its extreme pressure performance (four ball test wear diameter ≤ 0.45mm) can extend the life of the rolling mill by more than 30%. A certain aluminum company controlled the thickness deviation of aluminum foil within ± 1 μ m by adding 0.3% octyl stearate, meeting the demand for high-end electronic foil.
Rubber industry: key additives for plasticization and demolding
1. Natural/synthetic rubber plasticizer
Can replace some paraffin oil and enhance the flexibility of rubber. In the production of nitrile rubber seals, adding 5% -8% octyl stearate can increase tensile strength by 10% -15% and reduce compression set by 20%. A certain automotive parts company has extended the service life of seals from 3 years to 5 years by optimizing the formula.
2. Latex plasticization and demolding
In the production of latex gloves, it can be used as a release agent to reduce the adhesion between gloves and molds.
When combined with ammonia water, it can shorten the demolding time to less than 10 seconds and improve the smoothness of the glove surface. After adopting this process, a certain medical supplies enterprise increased production efficiency by 25% and reduced the defect rate to below 0.5%.
3. Tire formula optimization
In the production of radial tires, it can be used as a softener to improve the flowability of the rubber material. When combined with carbon black, it can shorten the mixing time by 15% and improve the low-temperature performance of the tire. A certain tire company reduced the rolling resistance of tires by 8% by adding 1.5% octyl stearate, meeting the A-level standard of the EU tire labeling regulations.
Textile printing and dyeing: multifunctional additives for softness and anti-static properties
1. Fabric softener
Softener can be prepared through emulsification process, and its long-chain alkyl group can form a lubricating film on the fiber surface, reducing the static friction coefficient. In the post-treatment of cotton fabrics, adding 2% -3% octyl stearate can improve the hand feel score of the fabric by 1.5 levels (on a 5-point scale) and enhance its wrinkle resistance. A certain textile enterprise has upgraded the pilling level of the fabric from level 3 to level 4 by optimizing the softener formula.
2. Antistatic agent
Can be compounded with quaternary ammonium salts to prepare anti-static finishing agents.
It forms a conductive layer by adsorbing moisture from the air, reducing the surface resistance of the fabric. In the treatment of polyester fabric, adding 1% compound anti-static agent can reduce the surface resistance from 10 ¹² Ω to 10 ⁸ Ω, meeting the requirements of electronic packaging materials. After adopting this technology, a packaging company's products passed the electrostatic discharge (ESD) certification.
3. Printing and dyeing auxiliaries
In reactive dye printing, 2-Ethylhexyl stearate can be used as a penetrant to improve the dye uptake rate. When combined with urea, it can increase the dye fixation rate from 85% to 92% while reducing floating color. A certain printing and dyeing enterprise has improved the color fastness (wash and friction resistance) of printed fabrics to 4-5 levels by optimizing the process, meeting the demand for high-end export orders.
Pharmaceutical and Industrial Fields: Innovative Applications from Intermediates to Functional Materials
1. Pharmaceutical intermediates
Octadecyl stearate can be used as a raw material for drug sustained-release materials, and it can be blended with polylactic acid (PLA) to prepare biodegradable microspheres. In insulin sustained-release formulations, the microspheres can extend the drug release cycle to 72 hours and reduce blood drug concentration fluctuations by 50%. A pharmaceutical company has reduced the dosing frequency from 3 times a day to 1 time a day through this technology, improving patient compliance.
2. Metal cutting fluid additives
Can be used as an extreme pressure additive to enhance the lubricity of cutting fluid. When combined with chlorinated paraffin, it can reduce cutting force by 20% -30% and extend tool life. A certain machining enterprise has improved machining efficiency by 15% and reduced single piece costs by 8% by optimizing the cutting fluid formula.
3. Paper defoamer
In the process of papermaking, rapid defoaming can be achieved by destroying the foam surface facial mask. When combined with silicone oil, it can shorten the defoaming time to less than 5 seconds and reduce oil stains on the paper surface. After a certain paper mill adopted this technology, the paper quality score increased by 10%, and the customer complaint rate dropped to below 0.2%.
Technical Challenges and Solutions: Optimization Path for Stability and Compatibility
1. Improved low-temperature stability
Crystallization is prone to occur at low temperatures, leading to turbidity in the system. By adding 0.5% -1.0% polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), the cloud point can be lowered to below -5 ℃. A cosmetics company has extended the temperature range of its products to -10 ℃ to 40 ℃ by optimizing the formula, meeting the needs of polar scientific research teams.
2. Enhanced photostability
It is prone to oxidative degradation under ultraviolet irradiation. By compounding 0.2% vitamin E (alpha tocopherol), the photo oxidation induction period can be extended to over 72 hours.
After a certain outdoor product enterprise adopted this technology, the product's weather resistance test passed the QUV accelerated aging test (500 hours), and the color difference Δ E was ≤ 1.5.
3. Improvement of biodegradability
The traditional biodegradation rate of this substance (OECD 301B) is only 30% -40%. By introducing ester hydrolysis groups, biodegradable derivatives such as octyl stearate polycarbonate can be prepared, with a degradation rate of over 80%. A certain environmentally friendly material company has passed the EU OK Compost certification for its products through this technology, meeting the regulations for biodegradable packaging.
Octadecyl stearate has become a key material connecting traditional industry with emerging technologies due to its unique chemical structure and multifunctional physical properties. From moisturizers in cosmetics to self-lubricating materials in new energy vehicles, from food packaging to pharmaceutical sustained-release, their application boundaries are constantly expanding.
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The synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl stearate is mainly based on esterification reactions, where acids and alcohols react with a catalyst to produce esters and water. This experiment uses stearic acid and octanol as raw materials to synthesize octyl stearate through esterification reaction. Common catalysts include inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, which can reduce the activation energy of the reaction and promote its progress.
The synthesis reaction of octyl stearate can be expressed as the following chemical equation:
C17H35COOH+C8H17OH → C17H35COOC8H17+H2O
Among them, C17H35COOH represents stearic acid, C8H17OH represents octanol, C17H35COOC8H17 represents octyl stearate, and H2O represents the generated water.
Experimental steps:
1. Raw material preparation: Weigh an appropriate amount of stearic acid and octanol to ensure their molar ratio is close to 1:1. Put the raw materials into a dry and clean reaction container, and add an appropriate amount of catalyst (such as sulfuric acid). Note that the amount of raw materials and catalysts should be adjusted according to the experimental scale.
2. Heating and stirring: Place the reaction vessel on the heating device and gradually increase the temperature to the appropriate reaction temperature (usually 60-100 ℃). At the same time, turn on the mixer to fully mix the raw materials and accelerate the reaction speed.
3. Reaction proceeds: Under heating and stirring conditions, the esterification reaction between stearic acid and octanol begins. During the reaction process, esters and water will be generated, and water can be continuously discharged through a water separator to promote the progress of the reaction.
4. Reaction monitoring: Monitor the degree of reaction by observing reaction phenomena (such as temperature, reaction rate, etc.) or using chemical methods (such as titration). When the reaction reaches the predetermined conversion rate or time, heating can be stopped.
5. Product separation: After the reaction is completed, cool the reaction mixture to room temperature. Then, the product octyl stearate was separated from the reaction mixture through distillation, filtration, and other methods. During the separation process, attention should be paid to controlling the operating temperature and pressure to avoid product decomposition or loss.
6. Product purification: Further purification treatment is carried out on the separated octyl stearate to improve the purity of the product. Purification methods can include recrystallization, distillation, etc. During the purification process, attention should be paid to the selection of operating conditions and solvents to ensure the quality and stability of the product.
7. Product analysis: Analyze and test the purified octyl stearate to determine its composition and content. Common analysis methods include infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. By analyzing the results, it can be determined whether the structure and purity of the product meet the requirements.
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