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Phenol powder is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C6H5OH. It is a colorless needle crystal with a special smell and toxic. It is an important raw material for the production of some resins, fungicides, preservatives and drugs (such as aspirin). It can also be used for disinfection of surgical instruments and treatment of excreta, skin sterilization, antipruritic and otitis media. Melting point 43 ℃, slightly soluble in water at room temperature, miscible in ethanol, ether, chloroform and glycerol, and easily soluble in organic solvents; When the temperature is higher than 65 ℃, it can be miscible with water in any proportion.
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Chemical Formula |
C6H6O |
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Exact Mass |
94 |
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Molecular Weight |
94 |
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m/z |
94 (100.0%), 95 (6.5%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 76.57; H, 6.43; O, 17.00 |
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Phenol is corrosive and will denature local proteins after contact. Its solution can be washed with alcohol when it is stained on the skin. A small part of phenol is oxidized to quinone by oxygen and turns pink when exposed to air. This method is usually used to detect phenol when ferric ion turns purple.
Phenol, with the chemical formula C6H5OH, is a colorless needle shaped crystal with a special odor. It is an important organic chemical raw material and has a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, daily life, and many other fields. However, phenol has certain toxicity and should be used in accordance with relevant regulations and safe operating procedures to avoid harm to human health and the environment.
1. Disinfection and anti-corrosion
Disinfection of medical devices: Phenol powder can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, and has the effects of sterilization and preservation. It is commonly used for disinfection of medical devices. Before surgery, disinfecting surgical instruments with an appropriate concentration of phenol solution can effectively kill microorganisms on the surface of the instruments, prevent infections during the surgical process, and ensure patient safety.
Environmental disinfection: In addition to medical equipment, phenol can also be used for environmental disinfection in hospitals and other places.
For example, wiping or spraying disinfection on the floors, walls, furniture, etc. of the ward can reduce the content of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment and reduce the risk of cross infection.
Treatment of skin ringworm and other diseases: Phenol can be used for local treatment of skin ringworm and other diseases. It can inhibit the growth and reproduction of fungi that cause skin ringworm, alleviate symptoms such as skin itching and flaking. In clinical practice, phenol is often made into ointments, tinctures, and other dosage forms, and applied to the affected area for treatment.
2. External drug ingredients
Relieve skin inflammation and itching: In some topical medications, phenol can help alleviate symptoms such as skin inflammation and itching. Low concentration phenol has analgesic and anti itch effects. When the skin experiences itching caused by inflammatory diseases such as eczema and urticaria, topical drugs containing phenol can numb nerve endings, reduce itching, and have certain anti-inflammatory effects, promoting the resolution of skin inflammation.
Treatment of suppurative otitis media: Phenol can also be used for the treatment of suppurative otitis media, such as making phenol ear drops. Phenol ear drops can have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, reducing ear pain and inflammatory reactions caused by otitis media. However, it should be noted that phenol ear drops cannot be used after tympanic membrane perforation because they have a burning effect and may damage the mucosa of the tympanic cavity, causing adverse reactions such as congestion, edema, and even mucosal scars.
3. Raw materials for drug synthesis
Synthesis of aspirin, etc.: Phenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of some drugs, providing a foundation for the development of new drugs. For example, it is an important raw material for synthesizing drugs such as aspirin. Aspirin has antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and other effects, and is widely used in clinical treatment of diseases such as colds, fever, headaches, toothache, arthritis, etc. Through a series of chemical reactions, phenol is converted into the precursor substance of aspirin, which is further synthesized to meet the demand for this type of drug in the medical field.
Other drug synthesis: In addition, phenol can also be used to produce antimalarial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibacterial drugs. In the process of drug synthesis, the chemical structure of phenol can be modified and transformed to introduce different functional groups, thereby synthesizing drug molecules with specific pharmacological activities, providing an effective means for treating various diseases.
1. Resin production
Phenolic resin: Phenol is one of the indispensable raw materials in the synthesis of phenolic resin. Phenolic resin has good insulation, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, and is widely used in electrical, electronic, automotive, and other fields. In the electrical and electronic industry, phenolic resin can be used to manufacture insulation materials, electrical switches, sockets, etc., ensuring the normal operation and safety of electrical equipment; In automobile manufacturing, phenolic resin can be used to manufacture components such as brake pads and clutch plates, improving the braking performance and reliability of automobiles.
Epoxy resin: Phenol powder can be used to produce epoxy resin. Epoxy resin has excellent adhesion, mechanical properties, and chemical stability, and has important applications in coatings, adhesives, composite materials, and other fields. For example, in the field of coatings, epoxy resin coatings have the characteristics of strong adhesion, good corrosion resistance, and high hardness, and can be used for anti-corrosion coating of metal surfaces, ship coatings, etc; In the field of adhesives, epoxy resin adhesives can bond various materials such as metals, ceramics, plastics, etc., and are widely used in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and construction.
Polycarbonate: Phenol is an important raw material for the production of bisphenol A, which is a key monomer in polycarbonate production. Polycarbonate has the advantages of high transparency, strong impact resistance, and good heat resistance, and is widely used in fields such as optical lenses, electronic and electrical casings, and automotive components. For example, in the manufacturing of optical lenses, polycarbonate lenses have the characteristics of light weight, impact resistance, and resistance to breakage, gradually replacing traditional glass lenses; In the field of electronic appliances, polycarbonate shells can protect internal electronic components while having a good appearance and feel.
2. Leather processing
Anti corrosion and tanning: Phenol can be used for anti-corrosion and tanning treatment of leather, improving its quality and durability. During the leather tanning process, phenol can react chemically with collagen in the leather, making it softer, tougher, and possessing properties such as waterproofing and mold resistance. Leather treated with phenol can be made into various leather products, such as leather shoes, leather bags, leather jackets, etc., extending the service life of leather products.
3. Rubber industry
Rubber additive: Phenol can be used as a rubber additive in the rubber industry. It can increase the viscosity of rubber, improve its processing and physical properties. For example, in the process of rubber vulcanization, phenol can promote cross-linking reactions between rubber molecules, improve the strength, elasticity, and wear resistance of rubber, and make rubber products more durable.
4. Production of dyes and pesticides
Dye intermediate: Phenol is an important intermediate in dye production, which can be used to synthesize various dyes such as azo dyes. Azo dyes have the advantages of bright color, complete chromatography, and good dyeing performance, and are widely used in industries such as textiles and printing and dyeing. Through the reaction of phenol with other chemicals, various colors of azo dyes can be synthesized to meet the dyeing needs of different textiles.
Pesticide synthesis: Phenol can also be used for pesticide synthesis. Some pesticide molecules contain phenol structures, which have insecticidal, bactericidal, weeding and other effects, playing an important role in ensuring the stability and safety of agricultural production. For example, certain fungicides can prevent crop diseases by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogens; Insecticides can effectively control the number of pests and reduce their harm to crops.
Daily life field
1. Ingredients of cleaning agents and disinfectants
Removing stains and killing bacteria: Some cleaning agents and disinfectants may contain phenol components, which can effectively remove stains and kill bacteria. In daily life, household kitchen cleaners, bathroom cleaners, etc. may contain phenol to remove stains such as oil and scale, and disinfect the cleaning surface to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of the home environment.
2. Ingredients of medicated soap
Antibacterial and anti itch: Phenol is often added to medicated soap to utilize its antibacterial and anti itch effects. Medicinal soap can be used for hand washing, bathing, etc., to help remove bacteria and dirt on the surface of the skin, prevent skin infections, and also have a certain relieving effect on some skin itching symptoms. However, when using it, attention should also be paid to avoiding the soap from entering mucous membranes such as the eyes and mouth to avoid irritation.
Laboratory field
1. Organic synthesis raw materials
Constructing complex organic molecules: Phenol is commonly used as a raw material for organic synthesis and can be converted into other organic compounds through various chemical reactions in the laboratory. For example, phenol can react with halogenated hydrocarbons to produce ether compounds; It can also undergo esterification reaction with carboxylic acids to generate ester compounds. These organic compounds have important application value in fields such as drug development and materials science. Through the organic synthesis reaction of phenol, various complex organic molecular structures can be constructed, providing a foundation for the synthesis and research of new substances.
2. Chemical analysis reagents
Detection and quantitative analysis: Phenol powder can be used as a reagent in chemical experiments and analysis to detect and quantitatively analyze certain substances. For example, phenol can undergo a color reaction with trivalent iron ions to form a purple complex. This property can be used to detect the presence of trivalent iron ions in a solution, and the content of trivalent iron ions can be quantitatively analyzed by colorimetric method. In addition, phenol can also participate in some oxidation-reduction reactions, complexation reactions, etc., for the detection and analysis of other substances.
Phenol can be prepared by sulfonation, cumene, chlorobenzene hydrolysis, crude phenol refining, benzene oxidation and toluene oxidation. Sulfonation method and cumene method are mainly used in China.
In the sulfonation method
Benzene is used as raw material, sulphuric acid is used for sulfonation to produce benzenesulfonic acid, sulphurous acid is used for neutralization, then caustic soda is used for alkali melting, and the product is prepared through sulfonation and vacuum distillation.
Cumene method is to produce cumene from propylene and benzene under the action of aluminum trichloride catalyst. Cumene is oxidized to produce cumene peroxide, which is decomposed by sulfuric acid or resin. Phenol and acetone were obtained simultaneously. About 0.6T acetone is co produced per ton of phenol.
Discovery history of phenol--German chemist Runge f discovered it in coal tar in 1834, so it is also called carbolic acid. It was the famous British doctor Liszt who made phenol famous for the first time. Liszt found that most of the patients died from wound infection. Occasionally, dilute phenol solution was used to spray surgical instruments and doctors' hands. As a result, patients' infection was significantly reduced. This discovery makes phenol a powerful surgical disinfectant. Liszt is therefore known as the "father of surgical disinfection".
Due to the benzene ring in the structure, phenol can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions similar to benzene on the ring, such as nitration and halogenation. Compared with the corresponding reactions of benzene, it can be found that the substitution on the phenol ring is much easier than that on benzene. This is because the hydroxyl group has electron donating effect, which increases the density of benzene ring electron cloud. It should be noted that the electrophilic substitution of phenol always occurs in the ortho and para positions of hydroxyl groups. This is the commonness of hydroxyl isoelectron donor groups.
Chemical properties of phenol:
Phenol powder can absorb moisture in the air and liquefy. It has a special odor, and the extremely dilute solution has a sweet taste. Extremely corrosive. Strong chemical reaction ability. It reacts with aldehyde and ketone to form phenolic resin, bisphenol A and acetic anhydride; Salicylic acid reacts to produce phenyl acetate and salicylate. It can also perform halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation, alkylation, carboxylation, esterification, etherification and other reactions. Phenol is a solid at normal temperature and cannot react with sodium smoothly.
If the method of heating and melting phenol and adding metal sodium is used for the experiment, phenol is easy to be oxidized, and the color of phenol changes during heating, which affects the experimental effect. Some people have adopted the following methods in teaching, which are simple to operate and have achieved satisfactory experimental results.
Add 2-3 ml of anhydrous ether to a test tube, take a piece of metal sodium the size of a soybean grain, suck the kerosene on the surface with a filter paper, and put it into ether. It can be seen that sodium does not react with ether.
Then add a small amount of phenol to the test tube and oscillate. At this time, it can be observed that sodium reacts rapidly in the test tube to produce a large amount of gas. The principle of this experiment is that phenol is dissolved in ether so that the reaction between phenol and sodium can proceed smoothly.
FAQ
Is phenol harmful to humans?
Yes, phenol is highly toxic to humans. It is a protoplasmic poison that causes severe, rapid burns upon skin contact and can lead to serious systemic toxicity, organ failure, and death if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin in significant quantities.
What is phenol used for?
It is a versatile chemical used primarily in industrial manufacturing for producing plastics (polycarbonate, epoxy resins), nylon, and phenolic resins. It is also used in medical applications, such as antiseptic, sore throat sprays, nerve block treatments, and as a disinfectant.
Why is phenol no longer used?
Because of its irritant and corrosive properties and potential systemic toxicity, at present phenol is not commonly used as an antiseptic, except to cauterize infected areas-eg, the infected umbilicus of neonates.
Why is phenol being banned?
Phenol is heavily restricted or banned in cosmetics and specific consumer products (like thermal paper) due to its high toxicity, severe skin corrosion, and potential for rapid absorption through the skin, causing systemic organ damage, according to the CDC and EPA. It is toxic, causing denaturation of proteins and necrosis.
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