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Cerium dioxide is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula CeO2, light yellow or yellowish brown powder. Density 7.13g/cm3, melting point 2397 ℃, insoluble in water and alkali, slightly soluble in acid. Under the temperature of 2000 ℃ and the pressure of 15MPa, cerium oxide can be reduced by hydrogen to obtain cerium oxide. When the temperature is free at 2000 ℃ and the pressure is free at 5MPa, cerium oxide is yellowish, slightly reddish, and pink. Its performance is to make polishing materials, catalysts, catalyst carriers (additives), ultraviolet absorbers, fuel cell electrolytes, automotive exhaust absorbers, electronic ceramics, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
CeO2 |
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Exact Mass |
172 |
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Molecular Weight |
172 |
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m/z |
172 (100.0%), 174 (12.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Ce, 81.41; O, 18.59 |
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Quality index:
According to purity, it is divided into:
Low purity: purity not higher than 99%, high purity: 99.9%~99.99%, ultra-high purity more than 99.999%. According to particle size, it can be divided into coarse powder, micron level, submicron level and nano level.
Safety instructions:
The product is toxic, tasteless, non irritating, safe and reliable, has stable performance, does not react with water and organic matter, and is a high-quality glass clarifier, decolorizer and chemical additives.
Maximum allowable concentration:
Cerium dioxide 5 mg/m3, cerium hydroxide 5 mg/m3. Wear gas masks when working. If there is radioactivity, carry out special protection, and prevent dust from scattering.
Cerium oxide rare earth element salt can reduce the content of prothrombin, inactivate it, inhibit the production of thromboplastin, precipitate fibrinogen and catalyze the decomposition of phosphate compounds. The toxicity of rare earth elements decreases with the increase of atomic weight.
Inhalation of dust containing cerium has occupational pneumoconiosis, and its chloride is harmful to the skin and can stimulate the mucous membrane of the eyes.
The production method of cerium oxide is mainly oxalic acid precipitation method, that is, taking cerium chloride or cerium nitrate solution as raw material, adjusting the pH value to 2 with oxalic acid, adding ammonia to precipitate Cerium Oxalate, heating and curing, separation, washing, drying at 110 ℃, and then burning at 900 ~ 1000 ℃.
Oxidizing agent. Catalysts for organic reactions. Steel analysis as rare earth metal standard sample. Redox titration analysis. Colored glass. Glass enamel sunscreen. heat-resisting alloy. Used as an additive in the glass industry, as a grinding material for glass plates, and also as an anti UV agent in cosmetics. It has been expanded to the grinding of eyeglass glass, optical lenses, and cathode ray tubes, playing a role in decolorization, clarification, and absorption of ultraviolet and electron rays in glass.
1. Rare earth polishing effect
Rare earth polishing powder has the advantages of fast polishing speed, high smoothness, and long service life. Compared with traditional polishing powder - iron red powder, it does not pollute the environment and is easy to remove from adhered objects. Polishing the lens with cerium oxide polishing powder takes one minute to complete the task, while using iron oxide polishing powder takes 30-60 minutes. Therefore, rare earth polishing powder has the advantages of low dosage, fast polishing speed, and high polishing efficiency. And it can also change the polishing quality and operating environment. Generally, rare earth glass polishing powder is mainly made of cerium rich oxide.
Cerium oxide is an extremely effective polishing compound because it can polish glass in both chemical decomposition and mechanical friction forms simultaneously. Rare earth cerium polishing powder is widely used for polishing cameras, camera lenses, TV picture tubes, eyeglass lenses, etc. There are dozens of rare earth polishing powder factories in China, with over ten producing hundreds of tons. Baotou Tianjiao Qingmei Rare Earth Polishing Powder Co., Ltd., a Sino foreign joint venture, is one of the largest rare earth polishing powder factories in China, with an annual production capacity of 1200 tons, and its products are sold domestically and internationally.
2. Glass decolorization
All glass contains iron oxide, which can be introduced into the glass through raw materials, sand, limestone, and broken glass in glass ingredients. There are two forms of its existence: one is divalent iron that turns the glass color into deep blue, and the other is trivalent iron that turns the glass color into yellow. Cerium dioxide is the oxidation of divalent iron ions to trivalent iron, because the color intensity of trivalent iron is only one tenth of that of divalent iron. Then add a color enhancer to neutralize the color into a light green color.
The rare earth elements used for glass decolorization are mainly cerium oxide and neodymium oxide. Rare earth glass decolorizers replace traditional white arsenic decolorizers, not only improving efficiency, but also avoiding white arsenic pollution. Cerium oxide used for glass decolorization has the advantages of high temperature stability, low cost, and non absorption of visible light.
3. Glass coloring
Rare earth ions have stable and bright colors at high temperatures, and are used to blend into feed solutions to manufacture various colored glasses. Neodymium, praseodymium, erbium, cerium and other rare earth oxides are excellent glass colorants. When transparent glass with rare earth colorants absorbs visible light with wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers, it exhibits beautiful colors. These colored glasses can be used to make indicator lampshades for aviation, navigation, various transportation vehicles, and various high-end artistic decorations.
When neodymium oxide is added to sodium calcium glass and lead glass, the depth of the glass color depends on the thickness of the glass, the content of neodymium, and the strength of the light source. Thin glass appears light pink, while thick glass appears blue purple. This phenomenon is called neodymium bichromaticity; Praseodymium oxide produces a green color similar to chromium; Erbium oxide is used in photochromic glass and crystal glass to appear pink; The combination of cerium oxide and titanium dioxide causes the glass to turn yellow; Praseodymium oxide and neodymium oxide can be used for praseodymium neodymium black glass.
4. Rare earth clarifying agent
Using cerium oxide instead of traditional arsenic oxide as a glass clarifying agent can remove bubbles and trace colored elements, resulting in significant effects in the preparation of colorless glass bottles. The finished product has white crystal fluorescence, good transparency, and improved glass strength and heat resistance. At the same time, it also eliminates arsenic pollution to the environment and glass.
In addition, cerium oxide is added to daily glass, such as building and automotive glass, crystal glass, which can reduce the transmittance of ultraviolet rays. This use has been promoted in Japan and the United States.
With the improvement of living standards in our country, there will also be a better market. Adding neodymium oxide to the glass shell of a cathode ray tube can eliminate the dispersion of red light and increase clarity. Special glasses with added rare earths include: lanthanum glass, which has high refractive index and low dispersion characteristics, is widely used in the manufacture of various lenses and advanced cameras, camera lenses, especially for high-altitude photography devices; Cerium radiation resistant glass, used for automotive glass and TV glass shells; Neodymium glass is used as a laser material and is the most ideal material for giant lasers, mainly used in controlled nuclear fusion devices.
Cerium oxide (CeO2), as an important rare earth oxide, has shown wide application prospects in various fields such as catalysis, energy, biomedical, optics, and electronics due to its unique physical and chemical properties, such as high oxygen storage capacity, good redox performance, and excellent catalytic activity. Its synthesis methods are various, including chemical precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, solid phase, biological and other special methods. The following is a detailed introduction to these common synthesis methods.
Chemical precipitation method
Chemical precipitation method is one of the most commonly used methods for synthesizing cerium oxide powder in industry. This method involves adding a precipitant (such as ammonia water, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, urea, etc.) to a metal salt solution (such as cerium nitrate, cerium chloride, etc.), causing the metal ions to react with the precipitant to form a precipitate. Subsequently, through steps such as filtration, washing, drying, and calcination, nanoscale oxide powder can be prepared.
Using cerium nitrate aqueous solution as raw material, adding sodium hydroxide for precipitation, filtering, washing, and high-temperature calcination to obtain cerium oxide. This process is relatively simple and is one of the commonly used preparation methods.
Using cerium chloride or cerium nitrate solution as raw materials, adjust the pH value to around 2 with oxalic acid, and then add ammonia water to precipitate cerium oxalate and mature it. After heating, separation, washing, and drying, cerium oxide is obtained by high-temperature calcination at 900-1000 ℃. This method has high product purity, but the production cost is relatively high.
By controlling the reaction conditions, the precipitant is slowly generated in the solution to achieve uniform precipitation of metal ions. For example, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate can be dissolved in deionized water, and ammonia water can be added as a precipitant. After a certain reaction time, they can be dialyzed and freeze-dried to obtain cerium oxide nanomaterials.
This method can prepare cerium oxide nanoparticles with small particle size and uniform distribution.
Sol gel method
Sol gel method is a method to prepare cerium oxide particles with high purity, good uniformity and controllable particle size at low temperature. This method uses metal alkoxides or inorganic salts as raw materials, forms a sol through hydrolysis and condensation reactions, and then dries and heat treats the sol to obtain solid oxides.
Inorganic salts or alkoxides are uniformly dispersed in a solution, and a sol is obtained through hydrolysis and condensation reactions. Then, the sol is dried to remove solvent and water to obtain dry gel. Finally, the dry gel is calcined at high temperature to convert it into cerium oxide particles.
Sol gel method can achieve uniform mixing at the molecular level, which is conducive to the uniform doping of trace elements. Meanwhile, this method has mild reaction conditions and can prepare new materials by controlling different reaction conditions and raw materials.
Sol gel method is widely used in the preparation of ceria films, nanoparticles and composites. For example, ceria titanium dioxide composites with high catalytic activity can be prepared by sol-gel method.
Hydrothermal method
Hydrothermal method is a method of dissolving and recrystallizing difficult to dissolve or insoluble substances in a specially designed closed reaction vessel, using aqueous solution as the medium, and creating a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction environment by heating the reaction vessel. This method has unique advantages in the preparation of cerium oxide nanomaterials.
Mix cerium nitrate with ammonia water and add sodium hydroxide for hydrothermal reaction. After washing, filtering, and drying, cerium oxide nanomaterials can be obtained.
The hydrothermal method is beneficial for obtaining high-quality cerium oxide nanomaterials, with high product purity and narrow particle size distribution. Meanwhile, this method can control the morphology and particle size of cerium oxide by adjusting reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, reaction time, etc.
The hydrothermal method has a wide range of applications in the preparation of cerium oxide nanomaterials with different morphologies and particle sizes. For example, cerium oxide nanoparticles with various morphologies such as spherical, rod-shaped, cubic, etc. can be prepared by hydrothermal method.
Solid-phase method
Solid phase method is a method for preparing cerium oxide through solid solid reactions, including solid-phase thermal decomposition, high-temperature solid-phase chemical reaction, and room temperature solid-phase chemical reaction.
Metal salts or metal oxides are thoroughly mixed according to the formula, ground, and then calcined to directly obtain the product or ground again to obtain the product. This method has a simple process, but the generated powder is prone to agglomeration and requires secondary crushing.
Fully mix the metal salt or metal oxide in a certain proportion and grind them, and then calcine them at high temperature to directly prepare nano powder through solid phase reaction.
Intermediate compounds are synthesized by directly grinding the reactants at room temperature, and then the compounds are appropriately treated to obtain the final product. This method has low cost, simple experimental equipment, short process flow, easy operation, and uniform particle size distribution without agglomeration phenomenon.
Biological Law
Biological method is a method of extracting cerium oxide from a solution by utilizing the adsorption of cerium oxide by microorganisms or plants. This method is environmentally friendly and cost-effective, but its extraction efficiency is low and needs further optimization.
Other special methods
Reduction precipitation back extraction preparation method: can be used to prepare cerium oxide with different shapes and particle sizes. This method reduces high valence cerium ions to low valence states through a reduction reaction, and then obtains cerium oxide precipitates through precipitation back extraction.
Electrolytic method:
Although cerium metal itself cannot be obtained naturally, molten cerium oxide can be smelted into cerium metal through electrolysis. This process indirectly illustrates a possible preparation pathway for cerium oxide.
Calcium thermal reduction method:
Another method for smelting cerium metal, whose reverse process can also be considered as a potential method for preparing cerium oxide.
Microwave method:
Utilizing the fast and uniform characteristics of microwave heating to prepare cerium oxide nanomaterials. This method can shorten reaction time, improve reaction efficiency, and prepare cerium oxide nanoparticles with uniform particle size.
Microemulsion method:
Prepare cerium oxide nano materials through the micro reactor in the micro lotion system. This method can control the particle size and morphology of cerium oxide and prepare cerium oxide nanomaterials with special structures.
FAQ
Does cerium oxide really work?
Cerium Oxide is a polishing compound that removes surface stains and scratches on glass. Mixed with water to form a paste, it is applied with a felt or foam pad. The buffing action removes imperfections and restores shine.
What are the other names for cerium oxide?
Another famous names of cerium oxide are cerium dioxide, ceric dioxide, ceric oxide, ceria and cerium oxide, etc. In research, cerium oxide has great interest in glass industry, dip polishing, studio, and projector lighting. In general, cerium oxide (CeO2) is not soluble in water.
How toxic is cerium oxide?
Cerium Compounds: Cerium compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, depending on the particular compound. In an animal study, cerium carbonate, cerium fluoride, and cerium oxide were not found to be acutely toxic, showed no signs of dermal irritation, and were minimally irritating to eyes.
What is cerium dioxide used for?
Cerium dioxide is used as a polishing material, catalyst, catalyst carrier (assistant), ultraviolet absorber, fuel cell electrolyte, automobile exhaust absorber, electronic ceramics, etc.
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