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Magnesium oxide powder is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula MgO. It is an alkaline oxide and an ionic compound. It has the generality of alkaline oxide and belongs to cementitious material. It is white or grayish white powder, odorless, tasteless and non-toxic. It is a typical alkaline earth metal oxide. Soluble in acid and ammonium salt solution, insoluble in alcohol. The solubility in water is 0.00062 g/100 ml (0 ° C), 0.0086 g/100 ml (30 ° C). Exposed to the air, it is easy to absorb water and carbon dioxide and gradually become basic magnesium carbonate. Light products are faster than heavy products. They combine with water to form magnesium hydroxide under certain conditions, showing a slightly alkaline reaction. The pH of the saturated aqueous solution is 10.3. Soluble in acid and ammonium salt, insoluble in water, its solution is alkaline. Insoluble in ethanol.
Magnesium oxide exists in nature in the form of periclase and is the raw material for magnesium smelting. It has high fire resistance and insulation performance. After high temperature burning above 1000 ℃, it can be transformed into crystal, and when it rises to 1500 - 2000 ° C, it will become dead burned magnesium oxide (magnesia) or sintered magnesium oxide. It is mainly used in nearly ten varieties, including high-grade lubricating oil, high-grade tanning and alkali extraction grade, food grade, medicine, silicon steel grade, high-grade electromagnetic grade, high-purity magnesium oxide, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
MgO |
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Exact Mass |
39.98 |
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Molecular Weight |
40.30 |
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m/z |
39.98 (100.0%), 41.98 (13.9%), 40.98 (12.7%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Mg, 60.30; O, 39.70 |
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Industrial Applications
- Production of Magnesium Products: Magnesium oxide powder is a crucial raw material for the production of magnesia products, such as magnesium bricks and magnesia cement.
- Lubricant Processing: It is used in the processing of high-grade lubricants to enhance their performance.
- Electrical and Steel Industries: Serving as an insulator in electrical applications and is also used in the production of silicon steel and high-grade electromagnetic materials.
Medical Applications
- Antacid and Laxative: In the medical field, it is employed as an antacid to treat excessive stomach acid and duodenal ulcers. It also acts as a mild laxative.
Food Industry
- Food Additive: Utilized as a food additive to maintain color stability and adjust the pH level of food products.
Ceramic and Glass Industries
- Raw Material: It serves as a raw material for the production of ceramics, enamelware, and glass, contributing to their durability and hardness.
Optical Coatings and Sports
- Optical Coatings: Used as a raw material for optical coatings due to its optical properties.
- Sports Applications: It is also used as an anti-slip powder in sports such as competitive gymnastics, baseball pitching, and rock climbing.
Flame Retardants and Fillers
- Flame Retardant: Used in flame retardant mixtures, especially in combination with halogen-containing polymers or flame retardants, to enhance the fire resistance of materials.
- Filler Material: It serves as a filler in various industrial applications to provide bulk and enhance the physical properties of the product.
Additional Applications
- Catalyst and Magnesium Salt Production: As a catalyst in chemical reactions and as a raw material for the production of magnesium salts.
- Refinery Applications: In the refinery industry, it is used in processes such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation.
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Magnesium oxide powder, chemically denoted as MgO, is a compound that finds versatile applications across various industries. It is a white, solid substance with a high melting point and excellent electrical insulation properties. MgO possesses a high refractive index and is relatively resistant to chemical attacks, making it a valuable material in numerous contexts.
In the industrial sector, it serves as a crucial component in the manufacturing of refractories, where its high thermal stability ensures that it can withstand extreme temperatures without degradation. It is also utilized in the production of cement, acting as a stabilizing agent that enhances the durability and strength of concrete structures. Furthermore, MgO plays a significant role in the ceramic industry, where it aids in the formulation of white ceramics and porcelain due to its ability to produce bright, opaque colors.
It is also noted for its use in the medical field, particularly as an antacid to relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid. Its low toxicity and high biocompatibility make it a safe and effective choice for medical applications. Additionally, MgO-based nanomaterials are being explored for advanced technological applications, such as in optoelectronics and energy storage systems, due to their unique physical and electrical properties.
Overall, its diverse properties and uses underscore its importance as a versatile material in a wide range of industries, from construction and ceramics to healthcare and cutting-edge technology.
adverse reaction
Magnesium oxide powder, as an inorganic compound widely used in industrial, pharmaceutical, food, and environmental fields, has attracted much attention for its safety and adverse reactions. Its adverse reactions can be divided into four categories: acute exposure reactions, long-term health effects, drug interactions and special population risks, and occupational exposure risks in industrial applications.
Acute exposure reaction: respiratory and mucosal irritation
The acute adverse reactions of magnesium oxide mainly stem from its physical properties (such as dust formation) and chemical activity, especially when inhaled or in contact, which may cause irritant reactions.
Respiratory irritation and Metal Fume Fever
Inhaling magnesium oxide dust can directly irritate the respiratory mucosa, causing dryness, coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing in the nasopharynx. More seriously, metal smoke fever (an occupational disease similar to influenza) may be induced by inhaling magnesium oxide and metal oxide smoke produced in high-temperature environments, with symptoms including:
Typical manifestations: metallic taste in the mouth, headache, fever (body temperature can rise to 38-39 ℃), chills, muscle soreness, chest tightness, and dry cough.
Characteristics of onset: Symptoms usually appear 4-12 hours after exposure and last for 1-2 days. Severe cases require medical intervention.
High risk scenario: Failure to take protective measures during welding, metal smelting, or high-temperature processing.
Eye and skin irritation
Eye contact: Dust can cause conjunctival congestion, tearing, photophobia, and foreign body sensation, and long-term exposure may increase the risk of corneal damage.
Skin contact: High concentration magnesium oxide powder may cause dry skin, redness, or mild burns, especially in humid environments (such as sweat promoting chemical reactions).
Preventive measures
Install local exhaust ventilation systems in industrial areas to reduce dust dispersion.
Operators wear dust masks (such as N95), goggles, and protective clothing.
Immediately rinse eyes or skin with clean water after contact, avoiding rubbing.
Long term health effects: chronic exposure and potential risks
Long term exposure to magnesium oxide may have chronic effects on the respiratory system, digestive system, and overall health. Although relevant research is not yet sufficient, existing evidence suggests the following risks need to be cautious:
Chronic damage to the respiratory system
Risk of pneumoconiosis: Although the fibrotic potential of magnesium oxide is lower than that of silica dust or asbestos, long-term inhalation of high concentrations of dust may cause pulmonary tissue fibrosis, manifested as coughing, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function.
Chronic bronchitis: repeated respiratory tract irritation may increase the incidence rate of chronic bronchitis, especially among smokers or people with respiratory diseases.
Digestive system side effects (related to pharmaceutical applications)
When magnesium oxide is used as a laxative or antacid, excessive intake may lead to:
Diarrhea and electrolyte imbalance: Its strong diarrhea effect may cause dehydration, hypokalemia (muscle weakness, arrhythmia), and hypocalcemia (hand and foot convulsions).
Gastrointestinal irritation: Long term use may damage the gastric mucosa, worsen symptoms of gastric ulcers or gastritis.
Absorption inhibition: Magnesium oxide may reduce the bioavailability of drugs (such as antibiotics and antihypertensive drugs) taken simultaneously, affecting their therapeutic efficacy.
Collaborative purification mechanism in multi pollutant systems
Magnesium oxide exhibits a series of synergistic effects in the treatment of complex industrial wastewater:
PH buffering and co precipitation of heavy metals
When MgO is added to acidic wastewater, it quickly neutralizes H ⁺ and raises the pH to the range of heavy metal hydroxide precipitation.
The Mg (OH) ₂ colloids that precipitate simultaneously act as a "clean net", firmly capturing heavy metal ions such as Cu ² ⁺ and Ni ² ⁺ in water through surface complexation, ion exchange, and physical adsorption, and subsequently precipitating together. This process is particularly effective for the removal of low concentration heavy metals.
Collaborative removal of ammonia nitrogen
In wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen (NH ₄⁺), increasing the pH will promote the conversion of NH ₄⁺ to free ammonia (NH3).
In the presence of Mg ² ⁺ and PO ₄³ ⁻ (if present), bird droppings (MgNH ₄ PO ₄ · 6H ₂ O) crystals can be generated. This is a high-quality slow-release fertilizer. MgO simultaneously provides the necessary Mg ² ⁺ and pH regulating OH ⁻, achieving synchronous recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Fixation of phosphate
Even without ammonia nitrogen, Mg ² ⁺ can react with phosphate (PO ₄³ ⁻) in wastewater to form ammonium magnesium phosphate or other magnesium phosphate salt precipitates, effectively removing phosphorus elements that cause eutrophication of water bodies.
Deep removal of fluoride ions
In fluorine-containing wastewater, MgO and its products can form low solubility magnesium fluoride (MgF ₂) with F ⁻ or adsorb on the surface of magnesium hydroxide, achieving efficient deep purification of fluorine.
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