Indium(III) oxide is an oxide with the molecular formula In2O3 and CAS 1312-43-2. The pure product is a white or light yellow amorphous powder, which turns reddish brown when heated. Oxidation is a new type of n-type transparent semiconductor functional material with a wide bandgap, low resistivity, and high catalytic activity. It has been widely used in the fields of optoelectronics, gas sensors, and catalysts. When the size of indium oxide particles reaches the nanometer level, in addition to the above functions, they also possess surface effects, quantum size effects, small size effects, and macroscopic quantum tunneling effects of nanomaterials.
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Chemical Formula |
In2O3 |
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Exact Mass |
278 |
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Molecular Weight |
278 |
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m/z |
278 (100.0%), 276 (9.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
In, 82.71; O, 17.29 |
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In the presence of hydrogen or other reducing agents, it can be reduced to metallic indium or low valent indium oxide by heating to 400 ~ 500 ℃.
It decomposes into low-grade oxides at high temperature. In addition, it can react with metal indium at high temperature. Although In2O3 generated by low-temperature burning is easily soluble in acid, the more completely it is treated at high temperature, the more difficult it is to dissolve, and the hygroscopicity also disappears. When indium trioxide is reduced with hydrogen in the red hot state, indium metal is formed.
Indium oxide (In2O3) is an important inorganic compound, belonging to n-type transparent semiconductor functional materials, with a wide bandgap, low resistivity, and high catalytic activity. In recent years, with the rapid development of technology, indium oxide has shown broad application prospects in multiple fields. The following will elaborate on all the uses of indium oxide.
(1) Transparent conductive film material
Indium oxide is one of the key materials for manufacturing transparent conductive films. Transparent conductive films are widely used in devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screens, and solar cells. Indium oxide transparent conductive film has high conductivity and transparency, which can effectively conduct electricity without affecting the display effect of the screen. In LCD screens, indium oxide film serves as a transparent electrode responsible for transmitting electrical signals, enabling the screen to display images normally. Its high-purity (such as 99.99%) indium oxide powder has good conductivity and optical properties, especially exhibiting excellent transparency in the visible and infrared spectral ranges, which makes it irreplaceable in the field of optoelectronics.
(3) Photoelectric sensors and photodiodes
Indium oxide can be used to manufacture photoelectric sensors and photodiodes. Due to its high transmittance of light and good electrical conductivity, indium oxide helps to improve the performance of optoelectronic devices. In photoelectric sensors, indium oxide can convert light signals into electrical signals, achieving detection and control of light intensity. In photodiodes, indium oxide, as a semiconductor material, participates in the generation and transport of photo generated carriers, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(2)Indium tin oxide (ITO) target material
Indium(III) oxide is often mixed with tin oxide (SnO2) in a certain proportion to produce indium tin oxide (ITO) targets. ITO target material is the main material for preparing transparent conductive films. Through physical vapor deposition methods such as magnetron sputtering, ITO target material is deposited on the substrate to form a uniform transparent conductive film. ITO transparent conductive film has a wide range of applications in flat LCD displays, touch screens, defoggers, and other fields. For example, in the touch screens of smartphones and tablets, ITO film serves as a touch sensing layer that can accurately sense the user's touch operation.
(4) Laser and light source materials
Indium oxide can also be used as a material for lasers and light sources to improve their efficiency and stability. In lasers, indium oxide can serve as a gain medium or optical element, participating in the generation and amplification process of the laser. Its excellent optical performance and thermal stability enable the laser to operate stably in harsh environments such as high temperature and high power. In terms of light sources, indium oxide can be used to manufacture high brightness and high efficiency light-emitting diodes (LEDs), providing high-quality light sources for fields such as lighting and display.
(1) Varistor
Indium oxide can be used to manufacture varistors. Varistors are resistance devices with nonlinear volt ampere characteristics, and their resistance values sharply decrease when the voltage exceeds a certain value. Indium oxide varistors have the advantages of fast response speed and strong surge resistance, and are widely used in overvoltage protection circuits of electronic devices. For example, in fields such as power circuits and communication equipment, indium oxide varistors can effectively prevent damage to electronic components caused by overvoltage.
(3) Field effect transistors and optoelectronic devices
Indium oxide, with its high transparency and conductivity, can be used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as field-effect transistors and optoelectronic devices. In field-effect transistors, indium oxide, as a semiconductor material, participates in the transmission and control of charge carriers, achieving signal amplification and processing. In optoelectronic devices, indium oxide can be used to manufacture photodetectors, solar cells, etc., converting light energy into electrical energy.
(2) Gas sensors and humidity sensors
Indium oxide can be used as a gas sensing material for the preparation of gas sensors, which can detect harmful gases and odors in the air. Indium oxide sensors have high sensitivity, fast response, and good selectivity. Its working principle is based on the interaction between the surface of indium oxide and gas molecules, which causes a change in resistance value, thereby achieving the detection of gas concentration. In terms of humidity sensors, indium oxide can also sense changes in environmental humidity and reflect the magnitude of humidity through changes in resistance values. It is widely used in fields such as meteorological monitoring and industrial control.
(1) Organic synthesis catalyst
Indium oxide has high catalytic activity and can be used as a catalyst in organic synthesis reactions. In organic synthesis, indium oxide can accelerate the rate of chemical reactions, improve reaction selectivity and yield. For example, in organic synthesis processes such as oxidation and hydrogenation reactions, indium oxide catalysts can effectively promote the progress of the reaction, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and minimize the occurrence of side reactions.
(2) Environmental Protection Catalyst
Indium oxide can also be used in the field of environmental protection as a catalyst to treat harmful substances in exhaust gas and wastewater. In exhaust gas treatment, indium oxide catalysts can catalyze the oxidation of pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO), converting them into harmless carbon dioxide (CO ₂) and water (H ₂ O). In wastewater treatment, indium oxide catalysts can be used to catalyze the degradation of organic pollutants, improve the biodegradability of wastewater, and reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater.
Materials Science Field
(1) Ceramic material additives
Indium(III) oxide powder is used as an additive in ceramic materials, and its excellent thermal and chemical stability makes it an important component in manufacturing high-performance ceramic materials. Adding indium oxide to ceramic materials can improve their density, hardness, and strength, as well as enhance their thermal shock resistance and corrosion resistance. These high-performance ceramic materials have wide applications in high-tech fields such as aerospace and automotive, such as manufacturing engine components and high-temperature sensors.
(2) High temperature coatings and refractory materials
Indium oxide has good thermal stability, high pyrolysis temperature, and can maintain good stability in high-temperature environments, so it is also commonly used as high-temperature coatings and refractory materials. In high-temperature coatings, indium oxide can improve the high-temperature resistance and oxidation resistance of the coating, protecting the substrate material from corrosion in high-temperature environments. Indium oxide can enhance the refractoriness and thermal shock resistance of refractory materials, improve their service life and safety.
(3) Optical coating materials
Indium oxide can be used to prepare optical coatings, such as anti reflective coatings. Coating indium oxide anti reflection coating on the surface of optical components can reduce the reflection loss of light and improve the transmittance of optical components. This is of great significance for improving the performance and imaging quality of optical instruments, such as widely used in optical equipment such as camera lenses and telescopes.
In the field of glass and ceramics
(1)Special optical glass
Indium oxide can be used to prepare optical glasses with high transparency, high refractive index, and other characteristics. Adding indium oxide to optical glass can adjust its optical properties and meet the needs of different optical instruments. For example, when manufacturing high-precision optical components such as lenses and prisms, using optical glass containing indium oxide can improve the clarity and resolution of imaging.
(3) Colored glass and ceramic decorative materials
Indium oxide can also be used to manufacture colored glass and ceramic decorative materials. By adjusting the amount of indium oxide added and the process conditions, glass and ceramic products of different colors can be prepared to meet the needs of fields such as architectural decoration and art production. These colored glass and ceramic decorative materials not only have a beautiful appearance, but also have certain functional characteristics such as heat insulation and sound insulation.
High temperature ceramics and electronic ceramics
In the field of ceramics, indium oxide can be used to manufacture high-temperature ceramics and electronic ceramics. High temperature ceramics have excellent high-temperature resistance and mechanical properties, and are widely used in fields such as aerospace and energy. Electronic ceramics have excellent electrical properties and can be used to manufacture electronic components such as capacitors and piezoelectric ceramics. The addition of indium oxide can improve the performance, reliability, and stability of ceramics.
Energy sector
(1) Positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries
Indium(III) oxide can be used as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, improving the energy density and cycle life of the battery. In lithium-ion batteries, indium oxide cathode materials can undergo reversible insertion and extraction reactions with lithium ions, achieving the storage and release of electrical energy. Compared with traditional cathode materials, indium oxide cathode materials have higher specific capacity and better cycling performance, and are expected to be widely used in fields such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
(2) Electrode materials for solar cells
The conductivity of indium oxide transparent electrodes is crucial in solar cells, as it can improve the efficiency of solar cells. Indium oxide transparent electrodes can effectively collect and transmit photo generated carriers, reduce carrier recombination losses, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. In addition, indium oxide can also be used to manufacture electrode materials for new types of solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells.
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