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Ethyl formate is an organic compound with the chemical formula C3H6O2 and CAS 109-94-4. It is a colorless liquid that is slightly soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents such as benzene, ethanol, and ether. It is mainly used as a solvent for acetic acid or nitrocellulose fibers, as well as for fragrance synthesis and drug production. Used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, etc., as well as a fungicide, larvicide, and fumigant for food, cigarettes, grains, dried fruits, etc. As a essence, it can be used to blend the aroma of peach, banana, apple, apricot, pineapple, berry, etc. It can also be used as a spice of butter, brandy, liqueur, whisky, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
C3H6O2 |
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Exact Mass |
74 |
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Molecular Weight |
74 |
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m/z |
74 (100.0%), 75 (3.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 48.64; H, 8.16; O, 43.19 |
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It is also an intermediate in organic synthesis. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, it is used for the production of anti-tumor drugs such as Fuxueding and vitamin B1; Acetylvinyl alcohol sodium can be obtained by condensation with acetone in a sodium methoxide xylene solution, and 2-mercaptoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester can be obtained by condensation with acetylglycinate ester and cyclization with potassium thiocyanate.
Ethyl formate (chemical formula C3H6O2) is an important organic compound with unique physical and chemical properties, and has a wide range of applications in multiple fields.
Application in the field of solvents
1. Solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate
It has good solubility for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, making it an excellent solvent for these two substances. In related industrial production, by utilizing their solubility characteristics, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate can be dissolved and processed into various products, such as nitrocellulose paint, cellulose acetate film, etc.2. Paint solvent
In the process of paint manufacturing, it can be used as a solvent for paint.
It can dissolve resin, pigments and other components, making the paint have good dispersibility and stability. At the same time, the volatility is moderate and can quickly evaporate after painting, causing the paint film to dry quickly and improving construction efficiency.
3. Solvent substitutes and coating diluents
It can also be used as a solvent substitute and coating thinner. In some occasions with high environmental requirements, it can replace some traditional organic solvents to reduce environmental pollution. At the same time, it can dilute high viscosity coatings, making them easier to apply and improving the effectiveness of the coatings.
Application in the field of medicine
1. Raw materials for drug synthesis
It is an important raw material in the pharmaceutical industry, which can be used to synthesize various drugs. For example, it is used in the production of anti-tumor drugs such as Fuxueding and vitamin B. In the process of drug synthesis, it can react with other chemical substances to construct the skeleton of drug molecules, providing the basis for the activity of drugs.
2. Production of multiple drugs
It is also used in the production of drugs such as Houttuynia cordata, Tongjingning, Kangfulong, Thiamethoxacin, Thiamethoxacin, Lysimachia, and total synthetic scopolamine. These drugs play an important role in treating different diseases, such as anti infection, analgesic, anticonvulsant, etc. As a key raw material for drug production, its quality and purity directly affect the efficacy and safety of drugs.
Application in the field of spices
1. Blending essence
It has a variety of scents, such as qu flavor and pineapple flavor, and can be used to blend a variety of edible essence and tobacco essence. In the food industry, it can add unique flavor to peach, banana, apple, apricot, pineapple, berry and other fruit flavor essence to make food more delicious. In the tobacco industry, it can be used as a spice to improve the aroma and taste of tobacco, and enhance the quality of tobacco products.2. Wine spices
Can be used as a spice for butter, brandy, sweet wine, whiskey, etc.
It can endow these alcoholic beverages with unique aromas and flavors, increasing their layering and richness. In the production process of alcoholic beverages, adding an appropriate amount of ethyl formate can enhance the quality and market competitiveness of the wine.
3. Synthetic intermediate of essence
It is an important intermediate for essence synthesis. By reacting chemically with other compounds, various complex spice molecules can be synthesized, providing abundant raw materials for the spice industry. For example, it can participate in the synthesis of esters, alcohols and other compounds with special aroma to meet the needs of different essence products.
Application in the field of agriculture
1. Pesticide components
An ingredient that can be used as a pesticide to protect crops from pests and pathogens. It can serve as a solvent for insecticides and fungicides, helping to better disperse and penetrate the active ingredients of pesticides into crop tissues, and improving the effectiveness of pesticide control. At the same time, it may also have certain insecticidal or antibacterial activity, directly killing or inhibiting certain pests and pathogens.
2. Fungicides, larvicides, and fumigants
Can be used as a fungicide, larvicide, and fumigant for food, cigarettes, grains, dried fruits, etc. During food storage and processing, it can effectively kill microorganisms on the surface of food and extend its shelf life. For grains and dried fruits, it can control the larvae of pests and reduce pest losses. In tobacco processing, it can play a role in sterilization and fumigation, improving the quality of tobacco.
Applications in other fields
1. A good solvent for manufacturing nitrocellulose paint
It is a good solvent for manufacturing nitrocellulose paint. Nitrocellulose paint has the advantages of fast drying, high hardness, and good gloss, and is widely used in fields such as furniture, automobiles, and construction. It can dissolve nitrocellulose to form a uniform paint solution, which facilitates construction and the formation of high-quality paint films.2. Spices and high boiling point solvents of nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate
Can be used as a fragrance and high boiling point solvent for nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate.
High boiling point solvents play an important role in industrial production, as they can remain stable at higher temperatures and are not easily volatile. As a high boiling point solvent, it can meet the special needs of spice and cellulose processing, ensuring the quality and performance of products.
2. The main components of extracts such as jasmine flowers
Mainly used as the main ingredient in extracts such as jasmine flowers. Extract is a concentrated spice product with a strong aroma. Adding it can enhance the aroma intensity and stability of the extract, making it more widely used in fields such as spices and cosmetics.
3. Raw materials for varnish, ink, and paint remover
Can be used to make polishes, inks, and paint removers. In polishing agents, it can provide gloss and protection to the surface of objects. In ink manufacturing, the performance of ink can be improved. In paint removers, it can help dissolve and remove old paint layers, facilitating the recoating of objects.7. Solvent for nitrocellulose, nitro spray paint, coatings, varnish, etc
Commonly used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, nitro spray paint, coatings, varnishes, etc.
In the production and use process of these products, various components can be dissolved and dispersed, making the products have good performance and construction effect. For example, in nitro spray painting, the paint can be evenly sprayed onto the surface of the object, forming a smooth and beautiful paint film.
4. Solvent for spices and seasonings
Can be used as a solvent for spices and seasonings. It can help the effective ingredients in spices and seasonings dissolve and disperse better, improving the quality and stability of products. In food processing, using it as a solvent can ensure the uniformity of spices and seasonings, making the taste of food more consistent.
Synthetic ethyl formate:
It is obtained by the reaction of ethanol and phosgene. Phosgene and anhydrous ethanol are esterified to produce ethyl chloroformate, and then the finished product is obtained through purification processes such as impurity removal, dehydration, fractionation, etc.
The preparation method is to put anhydrous ethanol into a three necked flask, pass phosgene at about 5 ℃, heat it to 30 ℃ with a water bath after passing the calculated phosgene, keep it warm and stir it for 30min to make the reaction more complete, wash the product with ice water to separate the water layer, dry it, and get the finished product.
CH3CH2OH+COCl2→ClCOOC2H5+HCl
The discovery and development of ethyl formate is a chemical history spanning nearly four hundred years. Its story begins with an ant, undergoes esterification reactions in the laboratory, and moves towards the fragrance mixing station in food factories, fumigation rooms in pesticide warehouses, reaction vessels in pharmaceutical workshops, and ultimately permeates almost every corner of modern industry.
In 1670, German chemist Johann Glauber first obtained formic acid, commonly known as formic acid, by distilling the bodies of red ants.
Around 1785, the large-scale preparation technology of ethanol had matured, providing the other half of the raw materials for subsequent esterification reactions.
In the first half of the 19th century, chemists began to systematically study esterification reactions between organic acids and alcohols.
In 1859, the famous French chemist Marcel Berthelot conducted a systematic study on esterification reactions, clarifying the reaction mechanism of organic acids and alcohols generating esters and water under acid catalysis.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, we began to move from laboratories to industrial production.
In 1927, the US Food and Drug Administration officially approved its use as a food flavoring under the FD&C related entry, marking its entry into the food industry from a pure industrial solvent.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was widely used in the field of food essence in Japan, code named Japan Red, and widely used for coloring and flavoring candy, drinks, ice cream, pickled cherries and other foods.
At the same time, the European and American markets were also expanding rapidly, and their position as the core raw material of fruity essence was initially established.
In the 1960s, scientists further clarified the fact that it exists naturally in a variety of fruits. It is part of the source of raspberry flavor, and also naturally exists in some vegetable oils and fruit juices. This discovery provided natural rationality for its application in food essence.
In 1971, Swedish scientists Lovros et al. first detected ethyl carbamate in fermented foods.
In 1976, Ove et al. also discovered the presence of ethyl carbamate in yogurt and alcohol.
In the following decades, the food safety issues of ester compounds became a key focus of attention for the International Health Organization and many governments. Canada, the United States, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and Japan have successively formulated relevant limit standards.
During the same period, the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization set its daily allowable intake at 0 to 1.25 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, we began to move from laboratories to industrial production.
In 1927, the US Food and Drug Administration officially approved its use as a food flavoring under the FD&C related entry, marking its entry into the food industry from a pure industrial solvent.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was widely used in the field of food essence in Japan, code named Japan Red, and widely used for coloring and flavoring candy, drinks, ice cream, pickled cherries and other foods.
In 1996, Chinese scholars began to study the formation mechanism of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages and published relevant reports.
In 2002, after years of systematic research, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Australia officially registered ethyl formate as a dry fruit fumigant.
In the mid-2010s, the demand for key esterification intermediates began to continue to release.
In 2021, the actual production of ethyl formate in China reached 93600 tons, indicating that China has become an important producer and consumer country in the world.
In 2022, the global market size of ethyl formate reached 110.5 billion yuan, with China contributing a major share as the largest single market.
In 2023, the production of ethyl formate in China reached 108900 tons, a year-on-year increase of 7.4%. The industry concentration has further increased, and the market share of leading enterprises continues to expand.
In 2024, the total production of ethyl formate in China will further increase to 119500 tons, a year-on-year increase of 9.8%, and the market size will reach about 3.85 billion yuan.
In the same year, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment began to develop specialized environmental risk assessment guidelines for formate esters.
In January 2025, the General Administration of Customs raised the export tax rebate rate for ethyl formate from 9% to 13%, significantly enhancing the international price competitiveness of domestic enterprises.
In March of the same year, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment officially implemented the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances - Formate Esters Special Project. For the first time, a volatile organic compound emission limit of 30 milligrams per cubic meter was set for ethyl formate in the production process, and the entire industry was required to complete the three-level recovery transformation of closed reaction, condensation, and adsorption by the end of 2026.
From the year 1670 when Glauber distilled ants to obtain formic acid, to the year 2026 when the global market size exceeded 100 billion, ethyl formate took nearly 360 years to complete the entire journey from the laboratory to the 10000 ton industry. Every transformation of its identity is not accidental, but the result of chemists' continuous deepening understanding of a small molecule. The secretions in an ant's body eventually turn into the aroma of the fruity drink you drink, the solvent in the topcoat you apply, and the intermediate in the vitamin you take. This is the entire history of ethyl formate, a colorless liquid.
FAQ
What does ethyl formate smell like?
Ethyl formate has the characteristic smell of rum and is also partially responsible for the flavor of raspberries. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) also considers a time-weighted average of 100 ppm over an eight-hour period as the recommended exposure limit.
What is ethyl formate used for?
The synthetic product is often used as a flavoring agent in lemonade and artificial alcoholic beverages. It is used industrially as a solvent and as a fungicide and larvicide in processed foods such as dried fruits and cereals.
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