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Acrylamide powder is the core component of acrylamide. It is an organic compound with the chemical formula of c3h5no, CAS 79-06-1. White crystalline powder, soluble in water (forming acrylamide solution), ethanol, ether, and acetone, insoluble in benzene and hexane, can form acrylamide stock solution. Acrylamide is the most important and simplest kind of acrylamide system. It is widely used as organic synthetic raw materials and polymer materials. Many synthetic materials can be prepared by polymerization with vinyl acetate, styrene, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and other monomers. It can also be used as raw materials for medicine, pesticides, dyes, and coatings. Some people found acrylamide in food, such as acrylamide in coffee and chips.
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Chemical Formula |
C3H5NO |
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Exact Mass |
71 |
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Molecular Weight |
71 |
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m/z |
71 (100.0%), 72 (3.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 50.69; H, 7.09; N, 19.71; O, 22.51 |
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Acrylamide (C3H5NO) is a colorless and transparent crystalline substance that is easily soluble in polar solvents such as water and ethanol. It is prone to polymerization at high temperatures above 84.5 ℃ or under the action of light and oxidants. The carbon carbon double bonds and amide groups in its molecular structure endow it with high reactivity, making it a key raw material in industries such as industry, environmental protection, and medicine.
Industrial production: Core monomers for polymer synthesis
The main use is as a monomer for producing polyacrylamide (PAM). It is a linear water-soluble polymer compound prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylamide. The amide groups in its molecular chain can be further hydrolyzed to form carboxyl groups, forming partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). Polyacrylamide can be classified into anionic, cationic, and nonionic types according to their different uses, and is widely used in the following fields:
1. Water treatment
Wastewater treatment: As a flocculant, acrylamide powder adsorbs and bridges suspended solids and colloidal particles in water to form large flocs and settle, significantly improving settling speed and clarification efficiency. For example, in urban sewage treatment plants, adding polyacrylamide can reduce the moisture content of sludge from 99% to below 80%, reducing subsequent dewatering costs.
Drinking water purification: It can remove small suspended solids and organic matter in water, reduce turbidity, and improve water quality. Its safety needs to be strictly controlled to ensure that residual levels meet drinking water standards (such as the EU limit of 0.1 μ g/L).
2.Oil extraction
Oil displacement agent: Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide increases the viscosity of the aqueous phase, improves the oil-water flow ratio, expands the affected volume, and increases crude oil recovery rate. In tertiary oil recovery, polyacrylamide solution can be injected into the formation to displace residual oil, increasing the recovery rate by 5% -15%.
Drilling fluid additives: can adjust the viscosity of drilling fluid, carry rock debris, prevent wellbore collapse, reduce filtration loss, and protect oil and gas reservoirs.
3. Paper industry
Enhancer: It combines with fibers to form a network structure, improving the dry and wet strength of paper, and reducing the occurrence of breakage and shedding.
Retention aid: By flocculation of fine fibers and fillers, retention rate is increased, raw material consumption and wastewater discharge are reduced. For example, in the production of news paper, adding polyacrylamide can increase the filler retention rate from 60% to 85%.
4. Textile printing and dyeing
Starch agent: Polyacrylamide solution can be evenly coated on the surface of the yarn to form a protective film, reduce breakage, and improve weaving efficiency.
Printing thickener: In pigment printing, by adjusting the viscosity, the ink forms a clear pattern on the fabric to prevent infiltration.
Environmental Governance: Key Materials for Pollution Control
Acrylamide based polymers play an irreplaceable role in the field of environmental protection, and their high efficiency and low toxicity make them the preferred material for pollution control.
1. Soil remediation
Solidification/stabilization: It can combine with heavy metal ions (such as lead and cadmium) in soil to form stable compounds, reducing their mobility and bioavailability.
For example, in farmland contaminated with heavy metals, adding polyacrylamide can reduce the leaching concentration of heavy metals in the soil by more than 80%.
Water retaining agent: absorbs water hundreds of times of its own weight, forms gel like material, slowly releases water, and improves soil water retention capacity. In arid regions, polyacrylamide based water retaining agents can increase crop yield by 20% -30%.
2. Wastewater treatment
Oilfield wastewater treatment: Acrylamide powder can remove suspended solids, oils.
And heavy metals from oilfield wastewater, reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chromaticity, and meet the standards for reinjection or discharge of wastewater.
Printing and dyeing wastewater treatment: Through flocculation, dye molecules and suspended solids in printing and dyeing wastewater can be removed, improving biodegradability and facilitating subsequent biological treatment.
3. Solid waste treatment
Sludge dewatering: As a sludge conditioner, it can improve the dewatering performance of sludge and reduce its moisture content. For example, in urban sludge treatment, adding polyacrylamide can reduce sludge volume by more than 50%, making it easier for subsequent disposal.
Emerging Technologies: Innovative Applications of Interdisciplinary Integration
With the development of technology, acrylamide based materials have shown great potential in fields such as new energy and biomedicine.
1. New energy sector
Lithium battery separator coating: Nano silica particles generated by hydrolysis can be uniformly coated on the surface of the separator, forming a dense porous structure, improving the thermal stability of the separator and electrolyte retention rate.
Experimental data shows that the membrane coated with polyacrylamide has a thermal shrinkage rate of less than 1% at 250 ℃, significantly improving battery safety.
Photovoltaic film anti reflection: Introducing polyacrylamide based nanomaterials into the encapsulation film of photovoltaic modules can increase the solar transmittance by 2.3% and increase the annual power generation of a single module by about 15 degrees.
2. Biomedicine
Drug controlled release carrier: polyacrylamide hydrogel has a three-dimensional network structure, which can load drugs and achieve pH responsive release.
For example, polyacrylamide microspheres loaded with chemotherapy drug doxorubicin release three times faster in acidic tumor environments than in neutral environments, improving treatment efficacy and reducing side effects.
Tissue engineering scaffold: Composite with natural polymers such as chitosan and gelatin to prepare biocompatible scaffold materials that promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Animal experiments have shown that the bone defect model implanted with polyacrylamide based scaffolds can generate 40% more new bone within 4 weeks compared to traditional materials.
3. 3D printing
Light cured resin: By regulating the hydrolysis rate of acrylamide, a special resin for light cured 3D printing has been developed. Its printing accuracy reaches 20 μ m, which can be used to manufacture high-precision devices such as microfluidic chips and optical lenses.
Bioprinting: As a biological ink, polyacrylamide based hydrogel can print the three-dimensional structure of cell load for tissue repair and organ regeneration research.
Special field: Performance breakthroughs in extreme environments
Acrylamide powder based materials can maintain stable performance under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, meeting the needs of special fields.
1. Aerospace
High temperature resistant coating: The high-temperature resistant coating prepared by compounding with silicate can withstand temperatures above 1000 ℃ and is widely used in extreme environments such as rocket engine nozzles and spacecraft insulation layers.
For example, after using polyacrylamide based coating on the outer shell of a certain type of spacecraft, the surface temperature decreased by 40 ℃ and the thermal protection efficiency increased by 60% in simulated space radiation experiments.
Insulation material: Copper wire coated with polyacrylamide based insulation coating can be wound into the rotor and stator of motors, and is widely used in electrical instruments. Its high resistance coefficient and high electrical breakdown strength can effectively prevent leakage and short circuit.
2. Nuclear industry
Radioactive waste disposal: It can solidify radioactive waste to form stable solid blocks, reducing the risk of leakage. Its solidified form has excellent leaching resistance and meets the standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Nuclear reactor control rods: Polyacrylamide based ceramic materials have excellent neutron absorption properties and can be used to manufacture nuclear reactor control rods and regulate reaction rates.
Acrylamide can be synthesized in many ways:
Acrylonitrile and water are hydrolyzed into acrylamide sulfate in the presence of sulfuric acid, and then neutralized with liquid ammonia to form acrylamide and ammonium sulfate:
CH2=CHCN+H2O+H2SO4→CH2=CHCONH2·H2SO4
CH2=CHCONH2·H2SO4+2NH3→CH2=CHCONH2+(NH4)2SO4
The disadvantages of this method are that a large amount of low-value ammonium sulfate is produced by-product, and the fertilizer efficiency is not high, and there are serious problems such as sulfuric acid corrosion and pollution.
Acrylonitrile and water are hydrated in liquid phase at 70 ~ 120 ℃ and 0.4MPa under the action of copper catalyst.
CH2=CH-CN+H2O→CH2=CHCONH2
After the reaction, the catalyst is filtered off, and the unreacted acrylonitrile is recovered. The aqueous acrylamide solution is concentrated and cooled to obtain acrylamide crystals.
The process is simple, and the selectivity and yield of acrylamide can reach more than 98%.
Acrylamide is prepared by biological method. Acrylamide product can be obtained by mixing raw material water and immobilized biocatalyst into a hydrated solution and separating waste catalyst after catalytic reaction.
It is characterized by simple equipment and safe operation; The specific performance of the enzyme makes the selectivity extremely high and there is no side reaction. When J-1 strain is used, the reaction temperature is 5-15 ℃, the pH is 7-8, the acrylonitrile mass fraction in the reaction zone is 1% and 2%, the acrylonitrile conversion is 99.99%, and the acrylamide selectivity is 99.98%.
The mass fraction of acrylamide powder at the outlet of the reactor is close to 50%; the amount of inactive enzyme catalyst discharged from the system is less than 0.1% of the product. Without ion exchange treatment, the separation and purification operation is greatly simplified and the product concentration is high. No concentration operation is required: the whole process is simple and convenient, which is conducive to small-scale production.
Easy to polymerize under UV irradiation or at melting point temperature;
In addition, double bonds can undergo addition reactions with hydroxyl compounds under alkaline conditions to form ethers;
Monoadducts or binary adducts can be formed by addition with primary amines;
Monoadducts can only be formed by addition with secondary amines;
Quaternary ammonium salts can be formed by addition with tertiary amines;
By adding an activating ketone, the adduct can be immediately cyclized to form a lactam.
It can also add inorganic compounds such as sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide.
Double bonds can also be reduced by borohydride, nickel boride, rhodium carbonyl, and other catalysts to form propionamide;
Diols can be produced by catalytic oxidation with osmium tetroxide.
It reacts with sulfuric acid to form a salt;
In the presence of alkaline catalyst, acrylic acid ions are formed by hydrolysis;
In the presence of an acidic catalyst, acrylic acid is hydrolyzed to form;
Dehydration in the presence of a dehydrating agent to produce acrylonitrile;
Reacts with formaldehyde to form N-hydroxymethylacrylamide.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is acrylamide harmful to humans?
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How can acrylamide affect my health? The main targets of acrylamide toxicity are the nervous system and reproductive system. Nervous system effects such as muscle weakness, numbness in hands and feet, sweating, unsteadiness, and clumsiness were reported in some acrylamide workers.
What foods are high in acrylamide?
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Food and cigarette smoke are the major sources of acrylamide exposure for people in the general population (3, 4). The major food sources of acrylamide are French fries and potato chips; crackers, bread, and cookies; breakfast cereals; canned black olives; prune juice; and coffee.
How does the body get rid of acrylamide?
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Some potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast that inhabit the digestive tract of humans are known to detoxify xenobiotics, including acrylamide (AA).
Do all air fryers expose you to acrylamide?
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In fact, air fryers typically operate at far lower temperatures than deep frying, for example. So, there is strong evidence suggesting that they can significantly reduce the amount of acrylamides produced during cooking 7.
Is coffee full of acrylamide?
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Let's do the math. A cup of instant coffee contains roughly 10 micrograms of acrylamide per liter. To reach the lower bound of the most conservative acrylamide exposure recommendations (about 25 micrograms per day), you'd need to drink around 2.5 liters of coffee-about 10 cups.
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