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Sunset yellow FCF, chemical name 6-Hydroxy-5- [(4-sulfonylphenyl) azo] -2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt, molecular formula C16H10N2Na2O7S2, CAS 2783-94-0, orange red powder or granules, soluble in glycerol, propylene glycol and water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in oil and fat. As a water-soluble azo coloring agent, it is a commonly used artificial food coloring agent. Due to its stable properties and low price, it is widely used for coloring food and drugs. Belonging to water-soluble azo pigments, after long-term drug testing, it is considered to have high safety and is widely licensed for use in countries around the world.
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Chemical Formula |
C16H10N2Na2O7S2 |
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Exact Mass |
452 |
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Molecular Weight |
452 |
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m/z |
452 (100.0%), 453 (17.3%), 454 (9.0%), 453 (1.6%), 455 (1.6%), 454 (1.4%), 454 (1.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 42.48; H, 2.23; N, 6.19; Na, 10.16; O, 24.76; S, 14.17 |
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It can be used for coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics. It can be used for fruit flavored water, fruit flavored powder, fruit dew, soda, mixed wine, candy, cakes, framed flowers, red and green silk, canned, concentrated fruit juice, green plum, flavor yogurt drinks, Prawn cracker slices, candy coating.
Sunset Yellow FCF, also known as Sunset Yellow or Food Yellow No. 3, is an artificially synthesized azo based water-soluble pigment. With its bright orange red color scheme, good stability, and low-cost advantages, sunset yellow has become one of the most widely used synthetic colorants in the global food industry. According to China's National Food Safety Standard for the Use of Food Additives (GB 2760-2024), sunset yellow is clearly limited to specific food categories, covering more than 30 products such as beverages, candies, baked goods, seasonings, etc. However, it is strictly prohibited to use it for fresh meat and braised cooked food products.
Core application scenarios and dosage specifications of sunset yellow
1. Beverages: Key Enhancers of Visual Attraction
Beverages are the most widely used field for sunset yellow, and their usage is strictly classified according to product type:
Juice drinks and carbonated drinks: The maximum usage amount is 0.10g/kg. Sunset yellow can give tropical fruit drinks such as mango juice and orange juice a bright orange yellow color, making carbonated drinks (such as orange flavored soda) more full-bodied in color. For example, a well-known brand of orange flavored soda increased its light transmittance by 40% and significantly enhanced its visual appeal by adding 0.08g/kg sunset yellow.
Lactic acid bacteria drinks and plant protein drinks: maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. In yogurt drinks, the combination of sunset yellow and lemon yellow can simulate the color of fruit flesh such as mango and pineapple, masking the gray white tone of plant protein. A certain plant protein beverage enterprise has reduced the dosage of sunset yellow from 0.12g/kg to 0.09g/kg by optimizing the formula, which not only meets the national standard requirements but also reduces costs.
Blended liquor: maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. In pre mixed cocktails, the combination of sunset yellow and amaranth can produce a caramel color effect, enhancing the product's quality.
A certain brand of rum pre mixed drink upgraded its body color from light yellow to amber by adding 0.07g/kg sunset yellow, increasing market acceptance by 25%.
2. Candy and baked goods: a practical example of color economy
Candy and baked goods are another major application area of sunset yellow, and their dosage is set differently according to product characteristics:
Candy: The maximum usage of regular candy is 0.10g/kg, and the candy coating and red green silk can reach 0.20g/kg. In fruit hard candy, sunset yellow can be used alone or combined with bright blue to simulate the color of fruits such as strawberries and oranges. A candy company uses microcapsule technology to package sunset yellow, increasing the color retention rate of the product from 75% to 92% during high-temperature processing.
Pastry: Maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. In cake decoration, the combination of sunset yellow and titanium dioxide can create a yellow tone for cream cream, contrasting with chocolate color. A certain chain baking brand has reduced cake decoration costs by 18% by optimizing the amount of sunset yellow, while meeting consumers' preference for natural colors.
Biscuit filling: maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. Sunset yellow can enhance the visual appeal of jam filled cookies. A certain brand of lemon flavored sandwich cookies upgraded their sandwich color from pale yellow to bright yellow by adding 0.08g/kg sunset yellow FCF, resulting in a 15% increase in sales.
3. Condiments and sauces: dual enhancement of flavor and color
Seasoning is the field with the highest usage limit in sunset yellow applications, and its function is not limited to coloring, but also involves flavor modification:
Jam and fruit seasoning syrup: maximum usage of 0.50g/kg. In mango sauce, sunset yellow can compensate for the insufficient stability of natural pigments (such as beta carotene), resulting in a color retention rate of over 85% after 6 months of storage at room temperature. A certain jam company simulated an orange red color tone closer to fresh mangoes by compounding sunset yellow and carmine, increasing product premium space by 20%.
Egg yolk sauce and salad dressing: maximum usage of 0.50g/kg. In mayonnaise, sunset yellow can mask the gray white color caused by oxidation, making the product color closer to fresh egg yolk. A certain salad dressing brand increased the color stability of its products by 30% and extended the shelf life to 12 months by adding 0.30g/kg sunset yellow.
Solid compound seasoning: maximum usage of 0.30g/kg. In instant noodle seasoning packs, sunset yellow can enhance the visual appeal of the powder. A certain brand of braised beef seasoning package upgraded the powder color from gray brown to reddish brown by adding 0.25g/kg sunset yellow, resulting in a 12% increase in consumer repurchase rate.
4. Frozen drinks and puffed foods: the color temptation of young consumer groups
Frozen drinks and puffed foods are the fastest-growing areas of sunset yellow application, and their dosage is precisely controlled according to the product form:
Ice cream and popsicles: maximum usage of 0.09g/kg. In mango flavored ice cream, sunset yellow can simulate the color of fresh mangoes, enhancing product differentiation and competitiveness. A certain brand increased its ice cream color rating from 3.2 points (on a 5-point scale) to 4.5 points by adding 0.07g/kg sunset yellow, resulting in an 8% increase in market share.
Puffed food: maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. Sunset yellow can enhance the adhesion effect of seasoning powder in potato chips. A certain brand of barbecue flavored potato chips increased consumer satisfaction by 15% by adding 0.08g/kg sunset yellow to make the seasoning pink color more uniform.
Fried snacks: maximum usage of 0.10g/kg. In shrimp strips, sunset yellow can mask the dull color caused by frying. A certain brand optimized the sunset yellow dosage to increase the brightness of shrimp strips by 20% and reduce the rate of oil oxidation by 15%.
Sunset Yellow FCF is an artificially synthesized edible pigment approved for legal use in China. Its chemical name is 1- (4 '- sulfo-1' - phenylazo) -2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid disodium salt, also known as Edible Yellow No. 5 in Japan. It has an orange red uniform powder or particle appearance, no special odor, is easily soluble in water, glycerol, and propylene glycol, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in oil and fat. Its aqueous solution presents a bright yellow orange color and has strong light and heat resistance. It is stable in common acidic media such as citric acid and tartaric acid in food, and only turns brownish red when exposed to strong alkali. Under reducing conditions, it will fade. With its stable coloring performance and low production cost, sunset yellow has become one of the most widely used synthetic colorants in the global food industry.
Core coloring applications in the food industry
In the field of food industry, it is the most widely used food coloring, covering the vast majority of daily processed food categories. In the beverage industry, it is widely used for coloring high sugar fruit juice drinks, carbonated drinks, flavored solid drinks, lactic acid bacteria drinks, and plant protein drinks. It can accurately simulate the bright orange yellow color of tropical fruits such as natural orange juice and mango juice, solving the problem of darkening and fading of natural fruit juice during the sterilization process, making the appearance and flavor perception of beverages highly unified, and enhancing consumers' willingness to purchase.
According to national standards, the maximum dosage for daily yellowing in fruit juice drinks and carbonated drinks is 0.10g/kg. The coloring effect at this dosage is uniform and natural, without the problem of pigment layering and precipitation, which fully meets the large-scale production needs of modern beverage industry. In the field of candy and baked goods, the application scenarios are further expanded. In candy products such as hard candies, gummies, and jellies, sunset yellow is often compounded with other edible pigments such as lemon yellow and bright blue to create iconic colors of different fruit flavors such as orange candy and mango candy.
The maximum allowable amount of candy coating can reach 0.20g/kg, which can make the outer layer of sugar coating bright and uniform in color, and long-term storage will not cause fading or darkening problems. In pastry packaging, canned watermelon sauce, green plums and other foods, sunset yellow can give a bright orange yellow color to the decorative decoration on the surface of the pastry, and also make the color of the green plum candied fruit closer to that of natural fresh fruit, enhancing the visual appeal of the product. In ice cream products, the maximum usage is controlled at 0.09g/kg, suitable for low-temperature processing environments of frozen foods. Even after long-term freezing storage at minus ten degrees Celsius, it can maintain stable color without change.
In the production of characteristic traditional foods, it is also an indispensable coloring material. The "red and green silk" in domestic traditional cakes is a classic ingredient of many local characteristic mooncakes and Yuanxiao (Filled round balls made of glutinous rice-flour for Lantern Festival), and is the core colorant for preparing orange yellow silk. According to the national standard, the maximum amount of use is 0.20g/kg, and the color prepared is bright but not dark, which can make the appearance of traditional cakes more festive. In puffed foods such as shrimp flavored slices, a small amount of sunset yellow can make the product present an attractive orange color, simulate the natural color of fried Prawn cracker, and improve the appetite appeal of the product.
In addition, limited use of sunset yellow is also allowed in alcoholic products such as blended wine and fruit flavored wine to create a bright color similar to citrus fruit wine, making the appearance of the product more in line with consumers' aesthetic preferences.
(1) Preparation of sunset yellow:
Add para aminobenzenesulfonic acid to 11-12, then slowly add sodium carbonate to completely dissolve and filter;
Cool to 0-5 ° C, add 1.5-1.8 times the mass of para aminobenzenesulfonic acid, stir and let stand, precipitate small 1-amino-4-sulfonic acid crystals, and cool to below 5 ° C.
Slowly add a 1:2 (mass) solution of sodium nitrite and re aminate at 3-5 ° C to obtain an amino solution.
After the reaction, the feed liquid showed strong acidity (blue), consistent with the Congo red test paper.
Stir and dissolve sodium 2-phenol-6-sulfonate in 20 times the amount of water at 75-80 degrees Celsius, add sodium carbonate (1/5 of the total amount), dissolve and filter.
Place the filtered solution into the reactor, add the remaining sodium carbonate, stir and cool to 5-8 ° C; then slowly add the heavy ammonia solution at 10.15 ° C and pH 8-9, and perform the coupling reaction for several hours.
After the reaction is complete (2-Caiphenol-6,8-sodium disulfide is slightly excessive), heat it to 50-60% Celsius, add refined sodium chloride, stir, cool naturally to room temperature, and let it stand to precipitate crystals;
Dissolve the crystal in water at 15 times 70 degrees Celsius and add an appropriate amount of sodium carbonate to make the solution slightly alkaline.
After filtration, add refined salt, stir and adjust the pH to 6.5-7.0 with hydrochloric acid. Static, crystallize, separate, and air dry the finished product.
(2) Preparation of sunset yellow FCF aluminum lake:
Aluminum hydroxide is prepared from aluminum salts such as aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate and alkalis such as sodium carbonate, and then added to the sunset yellow water solution to precipitate the product
(3)
After diazotization of p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, it is coupled with 2-teaphenol-6-sulfonic acid under alkaline conditions, and the resulting pigment is separated out with table salt, filtered and refined.
FAQ
Is Sunset Yellow FCF the same as yellow 5?
Yellow No.5, this dye is also known by different names. It's commonly referred to as Sunset Yellow FCF or FD&C Yellow No. 6. Outside the U.S., it's typically labeled as E110.
What is Sunset Yellow FCF?
Sunset Yellow FCF is a synthetic azo dye used for coloring various foods and beverages, with permitted maximum levels varying by region. It has been studied for potential effects on children's behavior, leading to regulatory scrutiny in several countries.
Is Sunset Yellow FCF safe to use?
Sunset yellow FCF is known as FD&C yellow No. 6 in the US and is approved for use in coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics with an acceptable daily intake of 3.75 mg/kg.
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