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Taurine powder is a non essential amino acid with the molecular formula C2H7NO3S and CAS 107-35-7. The chemical name is 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, which is widely present in many organisms. It is a colorless or white crystalline powder, sometimes with a slight yellow tint. Easy to dissolve in water, insoluble in ethanol, acetone, and other organic solvents. The pKa values are 1.5 (- NH2) and 9.0 (- SO3H), and the pH value in water is 5.0-6.0. A series of chemical reactions such as acylation, esterification, condensation, and oxidation can occur.
It forms complexes with some metal ions such as calcium ions, copper ions, etc. It is a non essential amino acid with good solubility and thermal stability. It is widely present in various organisms and has important metabolic and physiological functions. It is also widely used in fields such as medicine, food, cosmetics, etc. It can also be used as a biochemical reagent, wetting agent, pH buffer, and other widely distributed organic acids in animal tissues.
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Chemical Formula |
C2H7NO3S |
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Exact Mass |
125 |
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Molecular Weight |
125 |
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m/z |
125 (100.0%), 127 (4.5%), 126 (2.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 19.20; H, 5.64; N, 11.19; O, 38.35; S, 25.62 |
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Taurine powder is an amino acid derived from sulfur-containing amino acids, also known as taurocholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurocholic acid, or taurocholic acid. Taurine is widely distributed in various tissues and organs in the body, and mainly exists in interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid in a free state. It was first discovered in bull bile and named after it, but has long been considered a non functional metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid in animal bodies, but it is not a component of proteins. Taurine is widely distributed in the form of free amino acids in the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, ovaries, uterus, skeletal muscles, blood, saliva, and milk of humans and animals, with the highest concentration in tissues such as the pineal gland, retina, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland. In the heart of mammals, free taurine accounts for as much as 50% of the total free amino acids.
1. Promote brain tissue and intellectual development in infants and young children
Taurine is abundant and widely distributed in the brain, which can significantly promote the growth and development of the nervous system, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation, in a dose-dependent manner. It plays an important role in the development of brain nerve cells. Research has shown that the taurine content in the brains of premature infants is significantly lower than that of full-term infants.
This is because the cysteine sulfonate dehydrogenase (CSAD) in premature infants is not yet fully developed, and the synthesis of taurine is not sufficient to meet the body's needs. Therefore, it needs to be supplemented by breast milk. The taurine content in breast milk is relatively high, especially in colostrum. If there is insufficient supplementation, it will cause slow growth and intellectual development in young children. Taurine is closely related to the development of the central nervous system and retina in young children and fetuses. Long term simple milk feeding can easily lead to taurine deficiency.
2. Improve nerve conduction and visual function
The main reason why cats and nocturnal owls prey on mice is that mice contain abundant taurine in their bodies, and eating more can maintain their sharp vision. If infants and young children lack taurine, they may experience retinal dysfunction. For patients receiving long-term intravenous nutrition infusion, if taurine is not present in the infusion, it will cause changes in the patient's electroretinogram. Only by supplementing with high doses of taurine can this change be corrected.
3. Preventing cardiovascular disease
Taurine can inhibit platelet aggregation, lower blood lipids, maintain normal blood pressure, and prevent arteriosclerosis in the circulatory system; It has a protective effect on myocardial cells and can resist arrhythmia; It has a special therapeutic effect on reducing cholesterol levels in the blood and can treat heart failure.
4. Affects the absorption of lipids
The function of taurine in the liver is to combine with bile acids to form taurocholic acid, which is essential for the absorption of lipids in the digestive tract. Taurocholic acid can increase the solubility of lipids and cholesterol, relieve bile obstruction, reduce the cytotoxicity of certain free bile acids, inhibit the formation of cholesterol stones, and increase bile flow.
5. Affects sugar metabolism
Taurine can bind to insulin receptors, promote cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, accelerate glycolysis, and reduce blood glucose concentration. Research has shown that taurine has a certain hypoglycemic effect and does not rely on increasing insulin release. The regulatory effect of taurine on cellular glucose metabolism may be achieved through post receptor mechanisms, mainly relying on its interaction with insulin receptor proteins rather than directly binding to pancreatic receptors.
6. Improve endocrine status and enhance human immunity
Taurine can promote the secretion of pituitary hormones, activate pancreatic function, thereby improving the state of the body's endocrine system and regulating metabolism in a beneficial way; And it has the effect of promoting the enhancement of organism immunity and anti fatigue.
7. Inhibit the occurrence and development of cataracts
Taurine powder plays an important role in regulating crystal osmotic pressure and antioxidation. During the development of cataracts, the content of malic acid in the lens increases, leading to an increase in crystal osmotic pressure. However, the concentration of taurine, an important substance for regulating osmotic pressure, decreases significantly, weakening its antioxidant effect. Proteins in the lens undergo excessive oxidation, which can cause or worsen the occurrence of cataracts. Supplementing taurine can inhibit the occurrence and development of cataracts.
8. Improving memory function
In animal experimental studies on the relationship between taurine and brain development, it was found that taurine can promote learning and memory abilities in rats. Supplementing with an appropriate amount of taurine can not only improve learning and memory speed, but also enhance the accuracy of learning and memory, and has a certain effect on anti-aging of the nervous system.
9. Maintain normal reproductive function
Normal reproductive function requires taurine to be maintained. There is evidence that when the taurine content in cat feed is less than 0.101%, its reproductive function is poor, the rates of stillbirth, miscarriage, and congenital defects increase, and the survival rate of offspring decreases. Normal reproductive function can only be maintained when the content is above 0.105%.
10. Other functions
Taurine has a significant effect on preventing and treating iron deficiency anemia. It can not only promote intestinal absorption of iron, but also increase the stability of red blood cell membranes; Taurine is also a growth promoting factor for bifidobacteria in the human gut, optimizing the structure of the gut bacterial community; It also has antioxidant and anti-aging effects;
Can promote the recovery of acute hepatitis to normal; It has a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride poisoning and can inhibit the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase caused by it. Taurine has a protective effect on nephrotoxicity, and it has a protective effect on cisplatin induced changes in rabbit primary renal tubular epithelial cells; Taurine can calm, relieve pain, and reduce inflammation, and also has preventive and therapeutic effects on frostbite, KCN poisoning, and migraines.
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulfur-containing non protein amino acid that is widely present in animal tissues, especially in the brain, heart, liver, and retina. Its biosynthesis is mainly completed through the metabolic pathway of sulfur-containing amino acids in mammals. The following is a detailed description of the biosynthesis method:
Main synthetic pathways
Its biosynthesis mainly relies on the metabolism of cysteine, and the specific process is as follows:
Cysteine oxidation: Cysteine is first oxidized to cysteine sulfonic acid under the catalysis of cysteine dioxygenase. This step is the key starting reaction for taurine synthesis, providing necessary intermediate products for subsequent steps.
Cysteine sulfonic acid decarboxylation: Cysteine sulfonic acid is subsequently decarboxylated by cysteine sulfonic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) to form taurine. CSAD is considered the rate limiting enzyme in mammalian taurine biosynthesis, and its activity directly affects the rate of taurine synthesis.
Oxidation of Taurine: Taurine is further oxidized to its original substance. This step may involve the action of multiple oxidases, but the specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated. However, it can be clarified that this step is the final step in taurine synthesis, converting taurine into the biologically active substance.
Other possible synthetic pathways
In addition to the main pathways mentioned above, there may be other pathways involved in biosynthesis, although their contribution in mammalian bodies may be relatively small:
The sulfoalanine pathway: Cysteine can also be oxidized to cysteine acid first, and then converted to taurine through decarboxylation reaction. However, the specific mechanism of action of this pathway in mammals is not fully understood and may not be the main synthetic pathway.
Methionine participation pathway: As a sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine also participates in the metabolic process of sulfur-containing amino acids. However, methionine does not directly generate the product through decarboxylation reaction, but through a series of complex metabolic transformations, which may ultimately indirectly affect its synthesis.
Factors affecting biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of taurine powder is influenced by various factors, including:
Enzyme activity: The activity of key enzymes such as CSAD directly affects the synthesis rate of taurine. The activity of CSAD may vary among different species, tissues, and growth stages, leading to differences in its synthesis ability.
Substrate concentration: The concentration of substrates such as cysteine is also an important factor affecting taurine synthesis. When the substrate concentration is high, the synthesis rate of taurine may increase accordingly.
Age and physiological status: During infancy and early childhood, due to the immature activity of enzymes such as CSAD, the synthesized taurine in the body may not meet the needs, so dietary supplementation is necessary. In old age, due to the decline in physical function, its synthesis ability may also weaken, and it is also necessary to pay attention to obtaining sufficient taurine from the diet.
faq
Q:1.What does taurine do in your body?
A:It has been thought to be essential for the development and survival of neural cells and to protect them under cell-damaging conditions, indeed in the brain stem taurine regulates vital functions, including cardiovascular control and arterial blood pressure.
Q:Is taurine safe to take daily?
A:Studies that used taurine to improve recovery had participants supplement on multiple days before and after exercise. No serious adverse effects have been reported with taurine supplementation, and the current evidence indicates that a regular intake of up to 3 grams per day can be consumed without safety concerns.
Q:3.Where is taurine extracted from?
A:One of the thermogenic substances used in weight loss supplements is Taurine, extracted from the liver of live cattle. Its name derives from Bos Taurus (Ox Bile) from which it was first isolated more than 150 years ago.
Q:4.Is taurine for sleep or energy?
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