Ambroxol Hydrochloride Powder CAS 23828-92-4

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Ambroxol hydrochloride powder is usually a white or slightly yellowish crystalline powder, odorless, and has a slightly sweet taste. Molecular formula C13H19Br2ClN2O, CAS 23828-92-4, easily soluble in water, almost insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and ether. The solubility in water increases with increasing temperature, making it easy to operate when preparing injection or oral solutions. There are specific absorption peaks in the UV visible and infrared spectra, which can be used for drug identification and purity analysis. By using thermal analysis techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DSC), the thermal stability and decomposition process of ambroxol hydrochloride can be studied, providing guidance for drug storage and processing. It has multiple functions and application values, and occupies an important position in the pharmaceutical field. Its pharmacological properties, including expectorant effect, improvement of respiratory function, anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, and impact on airway smooth muscle and cough reflex, make it one of the important drugs for treating respiratory diseases.

Melting point 233-234.5 ° C, Storage condition: insert atmosphere, 2-8 ° C, Solubility sparingly soluble in water, soluble in methylol, practically insoluble in methylene chloride, Morphological neat, PH value pH (10g / L, 25 ℃): 4.0 ~ 6.0, Slightly soluble in water (~ 5 mg / ml) or ethanol (~ 5 mg / ml).

Ambroxol hydrochloride powder is a mucus soluble expectorant, chemically named trans-4- [(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl) amino] cyclohexanol hydrochloride. It appears as a white to pale yellow crystalline powder and is almost odorless. As a new active metabolite of bromhexidine, ambroxol hydrochloride improves respiratory function through multiple mechanisms and is widely used in the treatment and perioperative management of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. The following systematically analyzes its clinical value from four dimensions: core pharmacological effects, clinical indications, combination therapy, and application in special populations.

Core pharmacological effect: multi-target improvement of respiratory function

 

1. Mucus dissolution and enhanced ciliary movement
Ambroxol hydrochloride reduces sputum viscosity by cleaving the cross-linked structure of acidic mucopolysaccharide fibers in sputum, while inhibiting the secretion of neutral glycoproteins by mucus glands and reducing sputum production. Experiments have shown that it can reduce sputum viscosity by 40% -60% and significantly improve difficulty in sputum discharge. In addition, the drug can activate the frequency of respiratory cilia oscillation to increase by 20% -30%, accelerate the clearance efficiency of the mucociliary transport system, and alleviate sputum retention. For example, in patients with chronic bronchitis, the frequency of ciliary oscillation increased from (8.2 ± 1.5) times/minute to (10.5 ± 1.8) times/minute after medication, and the time for sputum discharge was reduced by more than 50%.

 

2. Promotion of pulmonary surfactant
Ambroxol hydrochloride can stimulate type II alveolar epithelial cells to synthesize surfactants and improve alveolar ventilation function. Clinical studies have shown that the use of ambroxol hydrochloride in neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients increases lung compliance by 30%, increases oxygenation index (PaO ₂/FiO ₂) from (150 ± 20) mmHg to (220 ± 30) mmHg, and shortens mechanical ventilation time by 40%.

3. Anti inflammatory and antioxidant protection
The drug inhibits the release of elastase from neutrophils, reduces airway inflammation and damage, and has a 3-fold ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals compared to vitamin E, protecting lung tissue from oxidative stress damage. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ambroxol hydrochloride can reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations by 25% and improve the quality of life score (SGRQ) by more than 10 points.

Clinical indication: respiratory management covering the entire course of the disease

 

1. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases

Chronic bronchitis: ambroxol hydrochloride can dissolve mucus, reduce sputum production, and alleviate cough and wheezing symptoms. A multicenter study showed that the total effective rate of combined antibiotic treatment for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis increased from 78.6% to 92.6%, and the sputum bacterial clearance rate increased by 20%.
Bronchial asthma: Medication reduces sputum viscosity, improves airway ventilation function, and reduces the frequency of asthma attacks. In the treatment of pediatric bronchial asthma, the combination of ambroxol hydrochloride and budesonide nebulized inhalation can increase lung function indicators (FEV ₁%) from (75 ± 5)% to (85 ± 6)% and shorten symptom control time by 30%.
Bronchiectasis: ambroxol hydrochloride can lubricate the respiratory tract, promote sputum discharge, and reduce the risk of infection. Clinical observations have shown that long-term use can reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations in patients with bronchiectasis from (3.2 ± 0.8) times per year to (1.5 ± 0.5) times.

 

2. Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications
In thoracic surgery, ambroxol hydrochloride improves mucociliary clearance function and reduces the risk of postoperative atelectasis and pulmonary infection. A randomized controlled trial involving 500 patients showed that preoperative use of ambroxol hydrochloride injection can reduce the incidence of postoperative atelectasis from 18% to 6% and the incidence of pulmonary infection from 12% to 3%.

3. Neonatal and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Ambroxol hydrochloride can promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant and prevent neonatal ARDS. Clinical studies have shown that the use of ambroxol hydrochloride in premature infants reduces the incidence of ARDS from 35% to 12%, shortens mechanical ventilation time by 50%, and increases survival rate by 20%.

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Artificial synthesis of ethyl pyruvate: it is prepared by direct esterification of pyruvate and absolute ethanol at boiling temperature and then vacuums distillation. It can also be prepared by oxidation of ethyl lactate steam at 155 ℃ in the presence of V2O5. Add 130ml saturated potassium permanganate solution, 500ml petroleum ether (boiling point 40-60 ℃), 50g (0.42mol) ethyl lactate (99%), and 20g (0.13mol) sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4 · 2H2O) to the round bottom flask equipped with stirrer and thermometer. Start stirring, raise the temperature to 15 ℃, cool it with ice water, add powdered potassium permanganate in 25-30min, and continue stirring until the oxidation is complete. Keep the temperature close to 15 ℃ in the whole process. After the reaction is completed, pour out the petroleum ether, mix the slurry with 50ml petroleum ether each time, and stir and extract it three times. Combine the petroleum ether extract, dissolve it in water, and remove the petroleum ether with a short fractionation column. The residual oil is fully shaken with 2 parts of 10ml calcium chloride saturated solution, separated from the oil layer, distilled under reduced pressure, and almost evaporated to 25-27g of all products at 56-57 ℃ / 2666pa (20mmhg), with a yield of 51-54%.

The synthetic method of the ambroxol hydrochloride powder has been reported in many kinds of literature (2-N, the main difference of each route lies in the different connection methods between the benzene ring part and trans-4-aminocyclohexanol. Among them, the method of document 010) is to replace the condensation of malic formaldehyde and trans-4-aminocyclohexanol. In Schiff base reduction, if NaBH is used; The method reported in document 4 "requires expensive LiAlH and DCC. The method is to take o-methylethyleneaniline as raw material, through benzene ring Han generation, amino diacetyl generation, and NBS non-bromination, and then condense with trans-4-aminosolanesyl cyclohexanol, and then hydrolyze and deacetylate to give 1, with an overall yield of 10.6%, We referred to the synthetic method and made some improvements. Using o-methyl aniline as the starting material, we obtained 1.5% by dianation, n-diethylation, NBS methyl Han generation, drunk condensation with the trans-4 amino ring, and hydrolysis deacetylation In the condensation reaction, absolute ethanol is used as the solvent instead of B in the literature to reduce the toxicity and cost. After the improvement, the reaction steps were reduced and the total yield was increased to 46.196. Although NBS is still used, the yield of this route is high. The operation is simple, and the succinimide precipitated after the reaction can be brominated and recycled, which is an optional industrial production method.

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