Ampicillin sodium, a widely used antibiotic in the medical field, belongs to the beta-lactam class of drugs, specifically the penicillin subgroup. It is a derivative of ampicillin, combined with sodium ions to enhance its solubility and stability. This antibiotic is primarily effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bateria, making it a versatile treatment option for various infections.
The mechanism of action involves inhibiting the baterial cell wall synthesis by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This binding disrupts the formation of the peptidoglycan layer, essential for baterial cell structure and integrity, ultimately leading to cell lysis and baterial death.
It is administered through intravenous injection or oral routes, depending on the severity and nature of the infection. It is commonly prescribed for respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and skin and soft tissue infections. However, its use should be cautious in patients with penicillin allergies, as cross-reactivity may occur.
Despite its effectiveness, the emergence of baterial resistance and other beta-lactam antibiotics is a growing concern. Therefore, its use should be guided by culture and sensitivity tests to ensure appropriate therapy and minimize resistance development. Overall, it remains a valuable tool in the arsenal of antibiotics, contributing significantly to the management of bacerial infections worldwide.
|
|
|
| Chemical Formula | C16H18N3NaO4S |
| Exact Mass | 371.09 |
| Molecular Weight | 371.39 |
| m/z | 371.09 (100.0%), 372.09 (17.3%), 373.09 (4.5%), 373.10 (1.4%), 372.09 (1.1%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 51.75; H, 4.89; N, 11.31; Na, 6.19; O, 17.23; S, 8.63 |
Ampicillin sodium, as a classic broad-spectrum semi synthetic penicillin antibiotic, has become an important drug in the treatment of infectious diseases since it came out in the 1960s with its unique antibacterial mechanism and extensive clinical application value. Its chemical name is (2S, 5R, 6R) -3,3-dimethyl-6- [(R) -2-amino-2-phenylacetamide] -7-oxo-4-thio-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptan-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt. It exerts bactericidal effects by inhibiting baterial cell wall synthesis and has significant activity against both Gram positive and some Gram negative bateria.
The core mechanism of its antibaterial activity is to inhibit the key enzyme involved in baterial cell wall synthesis, transpeptidase. The baterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, which undergoes three stages of synthesis: intracellular synthesis, transmembrane transport, and extracellular cross-linking. It binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) to block the formation of cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains catalyzed by transpeptidase, leading to structural defects in the cell wall. Under osmotic pressure, bateria expand and lyse due to the inability to maintain cell wall integrity, ultimately leading to death.
This mechanism enables it to have a strong bactericidal effect on bateria in the growth and reproduction stage, while having a weaker effect on bateria in the dormant stage.
It is worth noting that the β - lactam ring structure of this substance is easily hydrolyzed and inactivated by β - lactamase produced by bateria, thus reducing its sensitivity to enzyme producing strains. Clinically, the antibaterial spectrum is often expanded by combining β - lactase inhibitors (such as sulbactam) or selecting enzyme resistant penicillins (such as benzylpenicillin).
Antibacterial spectrum covers gram-positive bateria (such as hemolytic streptococcus, pneumonia streptococcus, non enzyme producing staphylococcus) and some gram-negative bateria (such as Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella), which are clinically applicable to the following infectious diseases:
1. Respiratory tract infection
Upper respiratory tract: It is effective in treating pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, etc., especially for streptococcal infections.
For example, acute tonsillitis caused by Group A β - hemolytic streptococcus can shorten the course of the disease and reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis by inhibiting baterial growth.
Lower respiratory tract: Used for the treatment of bronchitis and pneumonia, especially effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae infections. Research has shown that the combination of ampicillin sodium and macrolide antibiotics can cover atypical pathogens such as mycoplasma and chlamydia, and improve the cure rate of community-acquired pneumonia.
2. Urinary system infection
It is a commonly used medication for cystitis and pyelonephritis, especially sensitive to common pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Proteus. Its urine concentration is high (up to 10-100 times the blood drug concentration), and it has strong stability in acidic urine, making it suitable for mild to moderate urinary tract infections. For complex urinary tract infections (such as concomitant stones and obstruction), combination therapy with aminoglycosides or third-generation cephalosporins is necessary to enhance efficacy.
3. Gastrointestinal infection
Enteritis, typhoid fever, and paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella and Shigella are classic indications for product.
For example, when treating Salmonella typhi infection, the risk of complications such as intestinal bleeding and perforation can be reduced by inhibiting baterial growth. In addition, it has a certain therapeutic effect on severe diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae, but attention should be paid to supplementing electrolytes to correct dehydration.
4. Skin and soft tissue infections
Skin infections such as boils, cellulitis, and erysipelas caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes can be effectively concentrated through local infiltration. For mild infections, oral administration is sufficient; Severe or deep infections require intravenous administration, combined with topical antibiotics (such as mupirocin) to enhance efficacy.
5. Blood flow infection and central nervous system infection
Sepsis: It can be used for bloodstream infections caused by sensitive bateria, especially for infections of the Enterococcus genus (such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecalis), and is often used as the preferred drug for Enterococcus sepsis.
Meningitis: For meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, it can be treated through the blood-brain barrier (cerebrospinal fluid concentration can reach 30% -50% of blood drug concentration), but it needs to be combined with third-generation cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone) to cover drug-resistant strains.
6. Other infections
Endocarditis: In the case of endocarditis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, the combination of aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin) can increase baterial clearance and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Biliary tract infection: It has a high concentration in bile and can be used for the treatment of cholecystitis and cholangitis, especially for infections caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella.
Reproductive system infection: Urethritis and cervicitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (non enzyme producing strain), ampicillin sodium can be used as an alternative treatment drug, but attention should be paid to drug resistance issues.
Due to its broad antibacterial spectrum, it is commonly used in the treatment of various infections caused by sensitive bateria, including respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections, endocarditis, meningitis, and sepsis. It can also be used for mixed infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Role in Cell Culture
Prevention of Bacterial Contamination
Primarily used in cell culture to prevent contamination by sensitive bateria. It creates an environment that is hostile to bateria, thereby protecting the cells from infection.
Maintenance of Cell Health
By inhibiting baterial growth, it helps maintain the health and viability of the cultured cells. This is crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation, and other biological processes.
Usage Instructions
Concentration
Typically prepared as a stock solution (e.g., 100 mg/ml) and then diluted to the desired working concentration before being added to the cell culture medium.
Dilution and Addition
The stock solution is usually diluted 1:1000 with the cell culture medium, resulting in a final concentration that is effective against bateria but not harmful to the cells.
Frequency of Addition
The frequency of adding the item to the cell culture medium depends on the specific conditions and the type of cells being cultured. It is generally added at the beginning of the culture period and may be replenished as needed.
It is compatible with various cell culture media, including those containing serum or other growth factors. However, it is important to check for any potential interactions or incompatibilities before use.
About beta-lactam antibiotics
Beta-lactam drugs are a broad class of antibiotics characterized by the presence of a beta-lactam ring, which is essential for their antibacterial activity. The discovery of beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillin, is a milestone in medical history. Since its discovery in 1928, penicillin has profoundly impacted human life by providing treatment for fatal infections and baterial diseases.
Penicillins
These are further classified into narrow-spectrum, broad-spectrum, anti-pseudomonal, and others based on their spectrum of activity and resistance profiles.
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are divided into four generations, each with increasing spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases.
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
These drugs, such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam, are used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to enhance their activity against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.
Clinical Study Case
A clinical study was conducted to observe and evaluate the effectiveness of product combined with sulbactam in treating pneumonia. A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 40 patients diagnosed with pneumonia at a hospital between December 2013 and December 2014. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the study group. The control group received Mezlocillin sodium treatment, while the study group received it combined with Sulbactam treatment. The clinical treatment effects of the two groups were then compared.
- Efficacy: The treatment efficacy in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Specifically, the total effective rate in the study group was notably higher, indicating that it combined with Sulbactam was more effective in treating pneumonia.
- Symptom Relief: The time for fever abatement, cough disappearance, and pulmonary rales disappearance was significantly shorter in the study group compared to the control group. This suggests that it combined with Sulbactam can rapidly relieve symptoms in patients with pneumonia.
- Statistical Significance: The differences in treatment efficacy and symptom relief time between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05), further confirming the clinical significance in the treatment of pneumonia.
The clinical study case demonstrates that it combined with Sulbactam is effective in the treatment of pneumonia. It can rapidly relieve symptoms and improve patient outcomes. Therefore, such treatment has important clinical significance in the management of viral pneumonia.
The discovery of ampicillin sodium can be traced back to the early development of antibiotics. Following the groundbreaking discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928, scientists worldwide embarked on a journey to explore and develop more antibiotics. Ampicillin, as a derivative of penicillin, was subsequently developed through chemical modifications to enhance its antibacterial properties and reduce side effects. It was introduced into clinical practice in the latter half of the 20th century, becoming a cornerstone in the treatment of various baterial infections.
Enhanced Antibiotic Resistance: With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bateria, researchers are focusing on modifying the product to combat these superbugs. This includes the development of new derivatives and combinations with other antibiotics to broaden its spectrum of activity and increase effectiveness.
Biotechnological Production: Efforts are being made to optimize the production using biotechnological methods. This includes the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to enhance yield and reduce production costs.
Nanotechnology Integration: The integration of nanotechnology with it is a promising area of research. Nanoparticles can be used to encapsulate the antibiotic, improving its stability, solubility, and targeted delivery to infected sites.
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics: In-depth studies on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are ongoing to better understand its mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.
faq
What is ampicillin sodium used for?
Ampicillin is a medication used to manage and treat certain bacterial infections. It is in the penicillin class of medications. Ampicillin was developed to overcome the issue of drug resistance and extend the antimicrobial coverage of penicillins.
What is the use of ampicillin sodium salt?
Ampicillin can be used in cell culture applications. Ampicillin Sodium Salt is in powder form which makes it an economical choice that can be used in a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative infections.
Does ampicillin cause hypernatremia?
To the best of our knowledge, there are no documented cases of hypernatremia resulting from the use of ampicillin/sulbactam. We present the case of a 58-year-old male who developed this electrolyte imbalance during hospitalization, which was refractory to conventional management.
What is the difference between ampicillin and ampicillin sodium?
Ampicillin sodium salt is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin used to select for ampicillin resistance in mutated and transformed cells. Ampicillin is a ß-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating transpeptidases on the inner surface of the bacterial cell membrane.
Hot Tags: ampicillin sodium cas 69-52-3, suppliers, manufacturers, factory, wholesale, buy, price, bulk, for sale, 2 bromo 1 1 4 1 terohenyl, tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis, 9 9 dimethyl 6 4 4 5 5 tetramethyl 1 3 2 dioxaborolan 2 yl 9H fluorene 2 carbonitrile, 4 amino 2 6 dimethylbenzonitrile, Nitroso R salt, CAS 329210 71 1