Beta Glycerophosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate CAS 154804-51-0

Beta glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate, also commonly referred to as β-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate, is a chemical compound with the formula (C3H7Na2O6P)·xH2O and CAS 154804-51-0, where 'x' represents the variable amount of water of hydration. This salt is primarily derived from glycerol, a simple polyol, through phosphorylation processes.

In its hydrated form, beta glycerophosphate disodium salt contains water molecules that can influence its physical properties, such as solubility and stability. It is widely used in various industries due to its unique biochemical properties. In the medical and pharmaceutical fields, it serves as a source of phosphate and glycerol, which are essential for cellular metabolism and energy production. It finds applications in nutrient media for cell cultures, promoting cell growth and differentiation.

Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in bone health and regeneration. It acts as a bone mineralizer, enhancing bone density and strength by facilitating the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals, the primary component of bone tissue. Consequently, it is incorporated into dietary supplements and therapeutic formulations aimed at improving bone health.

Additionally, this compound exhibits buffering capabilities, making it useful in maintaining physiological pH levels in various applications. Its non-toxic and biodegradable nature further broaden its applicability in cosmetics, personal care products, and as an ingredient in food formulations where it may contribute to texture enhancement and stability.

In summary, it is a versatile compound with diverse applications, ranging from medical and pharmaceutical uses to cosmetics and food industries, thanks to its biochemical properties and ability to support cellular metabolism and bone health.

Beta glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate (CAS number 154804-51-0), as an endogenous metabolite, has demonstrated extensive application value in the field of biotechnology due to its unique phosphate group donor properties and biocompatibility. Its core functions cover four directions: osteogenic differentiation induction, bone mineralization promotion, tissue engineering scaffold modification, and cell culture optimization, making it a key reagent for bone regeneration medicine, biomaterial research and development, and cell biology research.

Osteogenic differentiation induction: a core reagent for bone regeneration research

 

It is a classic inducer for mesenchymal stem cells (such as bone marrow stem cells and adipose derived stem cells) to differentiate into osteoblasts. After adding this substance to the culture medium, the released phosphate groups can activate the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation pathway, significantly enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and promote the expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin (OCN) and Runx2. For example, in the culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, the addition of β - glycerophosphate sodium increased the number of mineralized nodules in the extracellular matrix by more than three times on the 28th day, and the fluorescence intensity in the mineralized area increased by 50%, becoming a core model for studying osteoporosis mechanisms and screening bone regeneration drugs.

Accelerated bone mineralization: a key tool for evaluating in vitro bone repair materials

 

In bone tissue engineering, the mineralization process of extracellular matrix (ECM) is accelerated by providing a phosphate ion source. The "osteogenic induction triad" composed of ascorbic acid and dexamethasone can simulate the microenvironment of bone formation in vivo and be used to evaluate the biological activity of 3D printed bone scaffolds. For example, adding sodium β - glycerophosphate into the chitosan/gelatin water gel can form a temperature sensitive bone repair material, which can quickly gel at 37 ℃ and release phosphate groups to promote the adhesion and mineralization of human osteoblasts, and the mineralization rate is 40% higher than that of the non added group. In addition, it can also be used to construct vascular smooth muscle cell calcification model and provide a tool for atherosclerosis research.

Modification of tissue engineering scaffolds: enhancing biocompatibility and functionalization

 

Chemical crosslinking or physical doping can significantly improve the osteogenic induction ability of biomaterials. For example, by copolymerizing it with hexamethylene diisocyanate (LDI) and glycerol, a three-dimensional porous polyurethane scaffold can be prepared. This scaffold can release phosphate ions in simulated body fluids, induce bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, and increase ALP activity by 60% compared to traditional scaffolds. In chitosan/sodium β - glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel, after loading erythropoietin (EPO), it can simultaneously promote bone formation and angiogenesis, and achieve "vascularized repair" of bone defects. Animal experiments show that the repair efficiency is 75% higher than that of single material.

Cell culture optimization: phosphatase inhibition and metabolic regulation

 

As a classic inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (such as PP1, PP2A), it can regulate the intracellular protein phosphorylation signaling pathway for cell cycle and metabolic regulation research. For example, adding this substance to the kinase reaction buffer can inhibit phosphatase activity, maintain the phosphorylation state of kinase reaction substrates, and improve experimental reproducibility. In addition, it can also be used as a buffer component for the culture medium of lactic acid bacteria M17. By reducing phosphate precipitation at high pH and optimizing the recombinant protein expression system, the target protein yield can be increased by 30%.

1. Role in Bone Cell Mineralization

 

Study Description: Chung et al. conducted a study to investigate the mechanism of action of beta-glycerophosphate on bone cell mineralization. The study utilized various cell lines, including MC3T3-E1, ROS 17/2.8, and chick osteoblast-like cells.

Key Findings: The results showed that beta-glycerophosphate did not affect the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in these cells but increased the medium inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels. This increase in Pi concentration promoted rapid mineral deposition, suggesting that beta-glycerophosphate was hydrolyzed by bone cells to provide phosphate for mineralization.

2. Induction of Osteoblast Differentiation

 

Study Description: Langenbach et al. examined the effects of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and beta glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro.

Key Findings: The study found that the combination of these factors significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, as evidenced by increased expression of osteogenic markers and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Beta-glycerophosphate played a crucial role in this process by providing the phosphate groups necessary for bone mineralization.

3. Acceleration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification

 

Study Description: Shioi et al. investigated the effect of beta-glycerophosphate on the calcification of cultured bovine vascular smooth muscle cells.

Key Findings: The results demonstrated that beta-glycerophosphate accelerated the calcification process in these cells through an alkaline phosphatase-related mechanism. This finding suggests that beta-glycerophosphate may play a role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, a common complication in chronic kidney disease and diabetes.

4. Use in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

 

Application: Beta-glycerophosphate has also been used as a component in hydrogels and scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. It can form thermosensitive hydrogels when combined with other polymers, such as chitosan, making it a promising candidate for drug delivery systems.

Research Examples: Studies have shown that beta-glycerophosphate-based hydrogels can be used to deliver therapeutic agents to specific tissues, such as bone and cartilage, while maintaining bioactivity and controlled release profiles.

5. Phosphatase Inhibition and Signaling Pathways

 

Mechanism of Action: Beta-glycerophosphate acts as a phosphatase inhibitor, targeting specific enzymes involved in signal transduction pathways. By inhibiting these enzymes, beta-glycerophosphate can modulate cellular responses to various stimuli.

Research Implications: Understanding the specific mechanisms by which beta-glycerophosphate inhibits phosphatases and alters signaling pathways can provide insights into its therapeutic potential in treating diseases associated with abnormal signaling, such as cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Beta glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate, often abbreviated as BGP, is a compound with a rich history and promising future in scientific research. Its discovery can be traced back to early studies on phosphatase inhibitors, which play crucial roles in biological processes.BGP has been identified as a classic serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor in kinase reaction systems, often used in combination with other phosphatase and protease inhibitors to achieve a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect.

BGP has shown significant bioactivity, particularly in inducing and maintaining osteoblast differentiation, mineral metabolism, and signal transduction. It can also serve as a drug carrier to form heat-sensitive hydrogels, making it a valuable tool in tissue engineering and cell differentiation experiments. For instance, it is commonly used in culture systems for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts.

Looking ahead, future research on BGP is likely to focus on its potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. With its ability to promote osteogenic differentiation and form heat-sensitive hydrogels, BGP could be further developed as a scaffold or component in advanced tissue engineering solutions. Additionally, there may be ongoing efforts to optimize its use in phosphatase inhibition, exploring its effectiveness in various biological contexts and disease models. As scientific understanding of BGP continues to evolve, so too will its potential applications and contributions to the field of biomedical research.

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