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Apigenin Powder, also known as vetiver, has a molecular formula of C15H10O5 , CAS 520-36-5 and is a white to slightly yellow crystal or powder substance with a slightly bitter aromatic taste. Its molecular structure contains 2 benzene rings and an aromatic ring, and there are multiple hydroxyl groups and a ketone group. It is a natural flavan compound with various biological activities. It is an optically active compound with an optical rotation of -159.9° (c=1, ethanol). The solubility in water is low, 0.22 mg/L (25°C), while the solubility in organic solvents such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide is high. Stable under light conditions, but susceptible to deliquescence. Under acidic conditions, Apigenin has poor stability and is easy to decompose. It is a relatively stable flavan compound, which can be used in drug development and preparation research.
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Apigenin Powder is a kind of flavan compound, which has various biological activities and pharmacological effects, so it has attracted much attention in the fields of medicine and health care. All uses of Apigenin are described below.
1. Antioxidant properties
Apigenin has a powerful free radical scavenging function. Studies have shown that Apigenin can reduce oxidative stress, reduce the synthesis of lipid peroxides, and increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). to a powerful antioxidant effect. In addition, Apigenin also has the ability to protect against DNA damage.
2. Anti-inflammatory effect
Apigenin has broad anti-inflammatory effects. It can inhibit the production of various inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc., thereby reducing the inflammatory response. At the same time, Apigenin can also inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and iNOS, and has good anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory models, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Anticancer effect
Apigenin has anti-cancer effect. It can reduce the occurrence and development of tumors in several ways, such as:
Inhibit cancer cell proliferation: Apigenin can inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, such as liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, etc.
Induction of apoptosis: Apigenin can induce tumor cell apoptosis, so it has potential application value in tumor therapy.
Anti-angiogenesis: Apigenin can inhibit the formation of tumor blood vessels, thereby preventing the growth and spread of tumors.
Regulating signaling pathways: Apigenin can regulate a variety of signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, etc., thereby inhibiting the proliferation and spread of cancer cells.
4. Neuroprotective effect
Apigenin has a protective effect on the nervous system. It can reduce the oxidative damage of neurons, reduce the risk of neuronal inflammation by regulating the expression of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and other factors; at the same time, Apigenin can also reduce neuronal apoptosis, improve synaptic plasticity, and protect neurons Protection from toxins and oxidative stress, with broad application prospects.
5. Cardiovascular protection
Apigenin has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. It can reduce the risk of vascular injury and atherosclerosis by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory response. At the same time, Apigenin can also regulate myocardial contraction, increase coronary artery flow, reduce the risk of myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, and have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. Broad protection.
6. Treatment of diabetes
As a natural drug molecule, Apigenin can play an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Apigenin can regulate the insulin signaling pathway through a variety of ways, promote the uptake and utilization of glucose, and at the same time reduce blood sugar levels, and can inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in the process of diabetes, thereby improving the effect of diabetes treatment.
7. Treatment of nervous system diseases
Apigenin can be used to treat a variety of neurological diseases, such as cognitive impairment in the elderly, Alzheimer's disease, etc. It can improve the viability of neurons, promote the synthesis and release of neurons, increase the plasticity of synapses, and at the same time inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating the occurrence and development of neurological diseases.
In conclusion, as a natural drug molecule, Apigenin has a very broad application prospect in the fields of medicine and health care. In the future, with the in-depth research and development of the pharmacological effects of Apigenin, we believe that it will play a wider application value in multiple fields.
Apigenin is a flavan compound that often exists in various fruits, vegetables and other natural plants. It has a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects, so it has attracted much attention. In practical applications, in order to improve its drug efficiency and reduce costs, a lot of research and development work is required. One of the important research directions is to develop various effective synthetic methods of Apigenin powder.
Extraction and isolation of Apigenin from natural sources:
Apigenin exists in many plants, such as parsley, celery, onion, tea, etc. These plants can be used as the natural source of Apigenin, which is of great significance in practical application. The main methods for extracting and isolating Apigenin from these plants are:
1. Extraction method:
Extraction is a major method for extracting target molecules from plants through solvents. Commonly used extraction solvents for Apigenin include ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, etc. Usually, the plants are first chopped, then an appropriate amount of solvent is added, stirred repeatedly at an appropriate temperature, and finally the target product is extracted and purified through steps such as separation and evaporation. According to literature reports, the best condition for extracting Apigenin from celery is to use 95% ethanol as the extraction solvent, and continuously reflux at 80°C for 1 hour to obtain an excellent extraction effect.
2. Chromatography:
Chromatography is a common separation and purification method, including many different types of chromatography, such as normal phase, reversed phase, and ion exchange. When extracting Apigenin from natural sources, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is usually used for separation and purification. This method can effectively separate the target compound from the complex mixture, and has the advantages of simple operation and good purification effect. According to literature reports, when using the RP-HPLC method to separate the onion extract, high-purity Apigenin compounds can be obtained.
Synthetic Apigenin：
Although the method of extracting and purifying Apigenin from natural sources is simple, its yield is low and the price is high. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more economical and practical artificial synthesis method. The currently known artificial synthesis methods of Apigenin powder mainly include the following:
Phenolic condensation method is a commonly used synthetic method of Apigenin. In the method, phenol acetate and 2-hydroxybenzophenone are first subjected to condensation reaction to obtain 2-(3-hydroxyl-4-methoxyphenyl)acetophenone. Then it is subjected to Michael reaction with aldehydes (such as valeraldehyde) to generate the target product Apigenin.
The carbene addition method is a new type of synthetic method for Apigenin. In the method, the carbene intermediate is synthesized and added to 2-hydroxybenzophenone to obtain 1,2-dihydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propane. Then the compound is reacted through acylation, dehydration and other steps to obtain the target product Apigenin.
The Chaffythiol method is a common heterocyclic chemical synthesis reaction, which is also used in the artificial synthesis of Apigenin. In the method, at first benzonitrile and sodium sulfite are reacted to obtain the benzene sulfate intermediate. Then add ethyl iodide and 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and obtain the target product Apigenin through different reactions in the process.
The German Friedrich-Karr oxidation method is a commonly used substrate-specific oxidation reaction, which is widely used in the synthesis of various organic compounds. When artificially synthesizing Apigenin, substrates such as benzyl alcohol and acetone are first used in this method, and after a series of reactions, the intermediate 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone is obtained. Then it reacts with o-phenolic formaldehyde to generate the target product Apigenin.
In conclusion, Apigenin, as an important drug molecule, has broad application prospects in practical applications. At present, a variety of artificial synthesis methods have been developed. When selecting a suitable synthesis method, factors such as yield, cost, and environmental protection need to be considered comprehensively in order to achieve the best results.
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Chemical Formula |
C17H21ClN2S |
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Exact Mass |
320 |
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Molecular Weight |
321 |
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m/z |
320 (100.0%), 322 (32.0%), 321 (18.4%), 323 (5.9%), 322 (4.5%), 322 (1.6%), 324 (1.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 63.63; H, 6.60; Cl, 11.05; N, 8.73; S, 9.99 |
Apigenin is a natural flavan compound with various biological activities and pharmacological effects. In order to achieve accurate analysis and identification of Apigenin, researchers have developed a variety of methods. This article will introduce various analysis methods of Apigenin in detail.
1. Chromatographic analysis
Chromatography is one of the most commonly used methods in the analysis of Apigenin, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC).
HPLC is a widely used chromatographic method for the analysis of Apigenin. HPLC was separated by a reversed-phase chromatographic column, using methanol-water as the mobile phase, and using ultraviolet light with a detection wavelength of 330 nm. This method can provide high resolution and sensitivity, so it is commonly used in the structure and content analysis of Apigenin.
Unlike HPLC, gas chromatography requires methylation of the sample prior to gas chromatographic analysis. Typically a 50% methanol/chloroform extraction is used followed by capillary gas chromatography with detection at 220 nm or 254 nm. This method can provide high precision and reproducibility, so it is often used in the analysis of Apigenin.
Thin-layer chromatography is a simple and rapid analytical method, which is suitable for rapid detection and identification of Apigenin. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography is usually used, with methanol-water or ethyl acetate-methanol as the mobile phase, and detection at a wavelength of 366 nm. This method is suitable for confirmation of preliminary results, but further validation is required.
2. Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an effective method for the accurate identification of Apigenins, and is especially useful for detecting trace substances. Commonly used mass spectrometry methods include liquid chromatography-mass chromatography (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass chromatography (GC-MS).
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
LC-MS method uses reversed-phase HPLC to separate Apigenin, and then detects it by electrospray mass spectrometry. Typically methanol-water or acetonitrile-water is used as the mobile phase. This method can give data with high precision and sensitivity, so it is especially useful in the analysis of Apigenin in the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
GC-MS
The GC method refers to the GC method, and the sample needs to be methylated first, then separated by capillary gas chromatography, and finally detected by electron bombardment ion source mass spectrometry. Usually, methanol-chloroform or methanol-acetone is used as the mobile phase, and the detection wavelength is 220 nm or 254 nm. This method can provide useful information about the molecular weight, fragmentation pattern and molecular structure of apigenin.
3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for examining the structure of apigenin. By NMR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of Apigenin can be measured, both of which can give very detailed structural information.
In the 1H-NMR of Apigenin, it can provide information about the number and position of hydrogen in the Apigenin molecule, and can also be used to measure the coupling constant, and the sensitivity is very high. In 13C-NMR of Apigenin, we can see information about the position and amount of carbon, which can also be used to measure the chemical shift. Unlike other analytical methods, NMR does not require any manipulation of Apigenin, so no additional chemical components are introduced.
In summary, there are many methods for Apigenin analysis. Whether it is through chromatography, mass spectrometry or NMR, high-sensitivity detection and identification of Apigenin powder can be achieved, laying the foundation for its application in medicine, health care and agriculture.
chemical properties
Acidity and alkalinity:
Apigenin is stable under neutral or slightly acidic conditions, but is easily hydrolyzed under acidic conditions. When Apigenin is dissolved in a strong alkaline solution, decolorization can occur.
Redox property:
Apigenin has a strong redox property and can be reduced to different products by reducing agents. At the same time, Apigenin can also participate in the oxidation reaction, and can be oxidized into different products under certain conditions.
Hydroxylation reaction:
Apigenin contains multiple hydroxyl groups, so it is easy to carry out hydroxylation reaction. For example, the reaction of Apigenin and methyl iodide can produce methylated products.
Formylation reaction:
Apigenin can react with formic acid to generate the corresponding methylated product.
Synthesis reaction:
At present, there are two main synthetic methods of Apigenin: one is extraction, purification and modification from natural sources; the other is artificial synthesis. In artificial synthesis, commonly used methods include phenolic condensation reaction, carbene addition reaction, etc.
Photochemical reaction:
Apigenin can be excited by ultraviolet or visible light to undergo photochemical reactions. This photochemical reaction can sometimes be associated with the antioxidant properties of Apigenin, for example, Apigenin nanoparticles with strong antioxidant properties can be prepared by photocatalytic reduction.
Thermodynamic properties:
Apigenin can undergo endothermic or exothermic reactions under certain conditions, and its thermodynamic properties may be of great significance for the study of drug metabolism and in vivo behavior.
In conclusion, as a natural compound, Apigenin powder has various chemical properties and application value. In the process of researching and developing the utilization of Apigenin, it is necessary to conduct in-depth analysis and research on its chemical properties in order to discover its wider application value.
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