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Atomoxetine hydrochloride powder with a chemical formula of C17H22ClNO·HCl, is generally a white crystalline powder with a relatively stable crystal structure. Its crystal form can be divided into many different crystal forms, such as α-type, β-type, γ-type and so on. These different crystal forms may affect the bioavailability, stability and efficacy of the drug, so crystal form analysis and control are required. It is easily soluble in polar solvents such as water, methanol, and chloroform, but less soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene and ether. Solubility has an important impact on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and solubility testing and control are required during drug research and formulation. It is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor mainly used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. Compared with its natural counterpart, Atomoxetine hydrochloride has stronger medicinal effect and better water solubility, and is widely used in drug therapy.
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Atomoxetine hydrochloride powder (chemical formula C17H22ClNO·HCl) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), mainly used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD) and other related diseases. Atomoxetine hydrochloride has several other uses besides its primary therapeutic effect.
Treat ADHD
Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an effective drug for the treatment of ADHD. The drug mainly inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, thereby increasing the concentration of norepinephrine in the brain, reducing the communication between neurons, and finally achieving the effect of improving symptoms. Atomoxetine hydrochloride is also able to alter the concentration of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetonamine, thereby regulating the balance between different neurons in the brain and improving the symptoms of ADHD.
Improve cognitive dysfunction
In addition to treating ADHD, Atomoxetine hydrochloride may also improve some symptoms of cognitive impairment. In older adults, for example, use of Atomoxetine hydrochloride has been shown to improve certain aspects of cognitive function, such as working memory and executive function. In addition, in some cases, Atomoxetine hydrochloride can also treat related diseases such as anxiety and depression, and it should be used reasonably under the guidance of a doctor.
For the treatment of ADHD comorbidities
Another important clinical application of Atomoxetine hydrochloride is the treatment of ADHD comorbidity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD-C). ADHD-C is a common attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtype whose symptoms include impulsivity, irritability, emotional lability, and more, in addition to inattention and hyperactivity. Atomoxetine hydrochloride alleviates the symptoms of ADHD-C by increasing the concentration of reusable norepinephrine in the brain, which can have a positive impact on the patient's social and learning aspects.
For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Atomoxetine hydrochloride also has the effect of treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a neurological disorder characterized by frequent compulsive thoughts and behaviors. Atomoxetine hydrochloride can increase the concentration of norepinephrine, thereby reducing the transmission of information between neurons, and relieve the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Atomoxetine hydrochloride plays an important role in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by cooperating with comprehensive treatment methods such as psychotherapy.
For the treatment of depression
Some studies suggest that Atomoxetine hydrochloride also has the potential to treat depression. Depression is a common mental illness whose symptoms include depression, low mood, and decreased interest in life. Atomoxetine hydrochloride increases the concentration of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, thereby regulating the balance between neurons and exerting therapeutic effects. However, Atomoxetine hydrochloride is not officially approved for the treatment of depression at present, so it needs to be used reasonably under the guidance of professional doctors.
Other purposes
In addition to the above uses, Atomoxetine hydrochloride has some other effects. For example, Atomoxetine hydrochloride can help treat addiction and reduce withdrawal symptoms; it can improve sleep quality and reduce pain and discomfort at night; it can also be used to treat some neurological diseases, etc. However, it needs to be emphasized that before using Atomoxetine hydrochloride in any case, you should consult a professional doctor and use it rationally according to its guidance to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the drug.
Overall, Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an important drug, mainly used in the treatment of ADHD and other related diseases. It has a wide range of uses and can improve a variety of cognitive, behavioral and emotional disorders. Although Atomoxetine hydrochloride has achieved remarkable clinical results, its safety and efficacy still need further research and verification.
Atomoxetine hydrochloride powder (chemical formula C17H22ClNO·HCl) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor mainly used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its synthetic method involves multiple steps, and all synthetic methods of Atomoxetine hydrochloride will be described in detail.
1. Synthetic method one
Step 1: Take 2,3-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester and sodium hydroxide to react to obtain 2,3-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid sodium (chemical formula C10H11NaO4).
Step 2: react 2,3-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid sodium with heptenoyl chloride to obtain 2,3-dimethoxyphenylheptenonic acid (C17H20O4).
Step 3: react 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl heptenone acid with silver nitrosoacetate, and then obtain Atomoxetine (C17H21NO) through reduction reaction.
Step 4: Atomoxetine hydrochloride can be prepared by reacting Atomoxetine with HCl.
2. Synthetic method two
The first step: react 2-phenylacetyl-1,3-propiophenone (chemical formula C16H14O2) with (1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine (C8H12N2) to obtain 2-(2- Phenylacetyl)-1-(1,2-phenyl)ethylenediamine (C24H26N2O2).
The second step: react the above product with HCl to obtain Atomoxetine hydrochloride.
In summary, the synthesis method of Atomoxetine hydrochloride is relatively simple, mainly divided into two types: one is to synthesize Atomoxetine through heptenyl chloride and silver nitrosoacetate, and then react with HCl to prepare Atomoxetine hydrochloride; the other is to synthesize Atomoxetine hydrochloride through 2 -Phenylacetyl-1,3-propiophenone reacts with (1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine to obtain Atomoxetine group, which is then reacted with HCl to obtain Atomoxetine hydrochloride. These methods have certain advantages and disadvantages, and need to be selected and improved according to specific conditions in actual production.
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Chemical Formula |
C17H22ClNO |
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Exact Mass |
291 |
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Molecular Weight |
292 |
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m/z |
291 (100.0%), 292 (18.4%), 293 (32.0%), 294 |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 69.97; H, 7.60; Cl, 12.15; N, 4.80; O, 5.48 |
The molecular structure of Atomoxetine hydrochloride powder is composed of two parts, N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]amine and hydrochloric acid. Among them, N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]amine is its main pharmaceutical active ingredient, while hydrochloric acid is an ionic compound that can increase the Stability and solubility of compounds in water.
In the molecule of Atomoxetine hydrochloride, the molecular formula of N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]amine is C17H21NO, and its molecular weight is 255.36 g/mol. The molecular structure of the compound contains a methyl group, a phenyl group, an aromatic ring and a propyl chain, in addition to a nitrogen atom attached to the methyl group. This structure makes it have strong lipophilicity and hydrophilicity, which is helpful for its absorption and metabolism in organisms.
Hydrochloric acid is an ionic compound with the chemical formula HCl. In this compound, hydrogen chloride ion (Cl-) forms a hydrochloride salt structure with the nitrogen atom in N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]amine , so that the compound has better water solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, the molecular structure of Atomoxetine hydrochloride is mainly composed of two parts, the active ingredient of the drug and the hydrochloride. It has a stable structure, good pharmacological activity and suitable bioavailability.
The crystal structure of Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an ionic compound with a hydrochloride salt structure. Its molecule contains a positively charged nitrogen atom and a negatively charged chloride ion, forming an ion pair. In the crystal structure, such ion pairs are connected to each other through the interaction of ionic bonds, forming a three-dimensional lattice in which a large number of ion pairs are aggregated.
The unit cell parameters of Atomoxetine hydrochloride crystals are a=1.0034 nm, b=1.4566 nm and c=1.0093 nm, and the space group is P21/n, where its hydrochloride structure makes the crystals have good stability and solubility. The crystal has the molecular formula C17H22ClNO·HCl, its theoretical density is 1.154 g/cm³, and its color is white to off-white.
In conclusion, the crystal structure of Atomoxetine hydrochloride powder is a three-dimensional lattice structure formed by the aggregation of ion pairs. Its hydrochloride structure enhances the interaction force between molecules, making the crystal lattice more stable, and thus has higher bioavailability in medicine.
Stability
Physical and chemical stability
Melting point and boiling point: The melting point is 167-169°C, and the boiling point is 389°C (760 mmHg), indicating that it is not prone to decomposition under normal storage conditions.
Solubility: The water solubility is 27.8 mg/mL (25°C). The high solubility helps maintain the stability of the formulation, but attention should be paid to the potential impact of moisture absorption on the powder state.
Storage conditions:
Short-term storage: It is recommended to store at 2-8°C for refrigeration, which can maintain stability for 2-3 years.
Long-term storage: If the shelf life needs to be extended, the powder can be divided and stored at -20°C for freezing (6 months to 1 year).
Light avoidance requirement: It should be stored in a dark place to prevent photolysis reactions caused by light.
Chemical stability influencing factors
Humidity: High humidity environment may cause powder caking or hydrolysis, and it needs to be sealed and stored in a dry place.
Temperature: High temperature (such as >30°C) may accelerate degradation, and it should be avoided.
Light: Ultraviolet rays may trigger photochemical reactions, and it should be kept in the dark.
Oxidation: Contact with strong oxidants may lead to decomposition, and it should be stored separately.
Safety
Acute toxicity
LD50 data: Animal experiments show that the oral LD50 for rats is >2000 mg/kg, indicating a low acute toxicity.
Human safety: Within the clinical dosage range (usually ≤100 mg/day), the tolerance is good, but caution should be exercised regarding the risk of overdose.
Main adverse reactions
Common reactions:
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (occurrence rate about 10-20%).
Nervous system: Dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness (about 5-15%).
Metabolism: Loss of appetite, weight loss (long-term use requires monitoring).
Serious risks:
Cardiovascular: May cause elevated blood pressure and increased heart rate (especially for patients with hypertension, caution is required).
Liver toxicity: Rare but serious, regular monitoring of liver function is necessary.
Suicidal tendency: Teenagers need to be monitored for emotional changes (FDA black box warning).
Drug interactions
CYP2D6 inhibitors (such as fluoxetine, paroxetine): May increase blood drug concentration, reduce the dosage.
MAOIs (such as phenelzine): Combined use may trigger hypertensive crisis, prohibited to use together.
Antihypertensive drugs: May enhance the antihypertensive effect, regular monitoring of blood pressure is necessary.
Safety Recommendations for Operation and Storage
Personal Protection
Wear an N95 respirator, gloves, and safety goggles during operation to prevent inhalation or skin contact.
Avoid direct contact with powder. If contact occurs, immediately rinse with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention.
Emergency Response
Spills: Sweep up powder into sealed containers and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Fire: Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, or alcohol-resistant foam extinguishers. Avoid water (may cause dust dispersion).
Waste Disposal
Unused powder must be disposed of according to pharmaceutical waste regulations. Do not discard carelessly.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is atomoxetine hydrochloride used for?
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Atomoxetine is indicated for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children over six years. Although atomoxetine is only FDA-approved for treating ADHD, it is sometimes used off-label to treat adult patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Is atomoxetine hydrochloride the same as Adderall?
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Strattera contains atomoxetine whereas Adderall contains a mixture of amphetamine salts (MAS). Both Strattera and Adderall are effective for ADHD; however, Strattera is not a stimulant which means it is not likely to be abused or cause dependence, tolerance, or withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation.
How does atomoxetine make you feel?
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Atomoxetine works in the brain to increase attention and decrease restlessness in people who are hyperactive, have problems with concentration, or are easily distracted. This medicine may be used as part of a treatment program that includes social, educational, and psychologic treatment.
Can you take atomoxetine in pregnancy?
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Is Atomoxetine an Option for Women During Pregnancy? Based on this large cohort study including 990 pregnancies with first trimester exposure to atomoxetine, the researchers observed no increase in major congenital malformations overall and no statistically increased risk estimates for cardiac or limb malformations.
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