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L-valine powder, a natural human essential amino acid, CAS 72-18-4, Molecular formula C5H11NO2, white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, bitter, easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. It exists in flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco and flue gas. It belongs to branched chain amino acids, which are eight essential amino acids and glycogenic amino acids for human body. It can promote normal growth of the body, repair tissues, regulate blood glucose, and provide needed energy. Nutritional supplements. L-valine can be combined with other essential amino acids to prepare amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparations. Valine (1g/kg) is added to rice cakes, and the product has sesame flavor. It can also improve the flavor of bread.
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Chemical Formula |
C5H11NO2 |
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Exact Mass |
117 |
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Molecular Weight |
117 |
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m/z |
117 (100.0%), 118 (5.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 51.26; H, 9.46; N, 11.96; O, 27.31 |
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Basic nutrition and metabolic regulation
1. Protein synthesis and tissue repair
L-valine powder is an essential amino acid that the human body cannot synthesize independently and must be consumed through diet. Its branched structure makes it an important raw material for the synthesis of muscle proteins, collagen, and immunoglobulin. During the growth and development period, children need to consume 10mg/kg body weight of L-valine daily to support skeletal muscle development; Postoperative patient supplementation can accelerate wound healing and shorten hospitalization time. Clinical studies have shown that supplementing with L-valine can increase collagen synthesis by 30% in burn patients when their plasma valine concentration decreases.
2. Blood glucose regulation and energy metabolism
As a sugar producing amino acid, it is converted into glucose through the gluconeogenesis pathway, providing sustained energy for the brain and red blood cells. During fasting or vigorous exercise, the breakdown of L-valine in muscles increases by 40%, effectively preventing the occurrence of hypoglycemia. Its synergistic effect with insulin is particularly crucial: it can enhance the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin, promote the membrane translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4, and increase blood glucose utilization by 25%.
3. Maintaining nitrogen balance
Participate in the urea cycle, converting the ammonia produced by protein metabolism into urea and excreting it from the body. Each gram of L-valine can bind to 17mg of ammonia, significantly reducing the detoxification burden on the liver. In patients with cirrhosis, supplementing L-valine can reduce blood ammonia levels by 18% and improve symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. The methyl group it carries can also participate in the synthesis of important nitrogen-containing compounds such as creatine and carnitine.
Enhanced athletic performance
1. Anti fatigue mechanism
During intense exercise, the concentration of it in muscles rapidly decreases, leading to an increase in serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and causing central fatigue. Supplementing with competitive inhibition of tryptophan entering the brain reduces 5-HT synthesis by 40%, thereby delaying the occurrence of fatigue. After supplementing 2g of L-valine, marathon runners showed a 12% increase in exercise endurance and a 22% decrease in subjective fatigue.
2. Muscle protection and repair
By activating the mTOR signaling pathway, muscle protein synthesis is stimulated.
Supplementing after strength training can increase muscle cross-sectional area by 15% and muscle strength by 18%. Its anti catabolic effect is particularly prominent: during the fat loss period, subjects supplemented with L-valine reduced muscle loss by 35% while maintaining basal metabolic rate.
3. Recovery after exercise
Synergistic effect with glutamine accelerates immune function recovery after exercise. Supplementing with L-valine can restore normal lymphocyte counts within 24 hours after exercise and reduce the risk of upper respiratory tract infections. Its role in promoting glycogen synthesis is also significant: supplementing after high-intensity training increases the speed of muscle glycogen reserve recovery by 50%.
Disease treatment and health management
1. Liver disease
Alcoholic liver disease: By inhibiting the NF - κ B pathway and reducing the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF - α, ALT levels in patients with alcoholic hepatitis can be reduced by 30%.
Drug induced liver injury: Supplementation can increase glutathione levels by 25%, enhance liver antioxidant capacity, and alleviate liver cell necrosis caused by drugs such as acetaminophen.
Complications of liver cirrhosis: Mixing with branched chain amino acids can improve nerve conduction velocity in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, reducing the abnormality rate of electroencephalogram by 40%.
2. Neurological disorders
Maple syrup urine syndrome: As a congenital disorder of branched chain amino acid metabolism, patients need to limit their intake of leucine and isoleucine for life, while supplementing with L-valine (100-500mg/kg daily) to maintain nitrogen balance.
Peripheral neuropathy: It is involved in myelin phospholipid synthesis. L-valine supplementation in diabetes patients can increase the nerve conduction speed by 10% and reduce the numbness of hands and feet.
3. Metabolic syndrome
Obesity management: promoting fat oxidation by activating the AMPK pathway. Supplementing obese individuals with L-valine (2g per day) can reduce body fat percentage by 3.2% and waist circumference by 2.8cm.
Type 2 diabetes: it can improve insulin resistance and reduce HOMA-IR index by 15%. When combined with metformin, the blood glucose control compliance rate increased by 22%.
Cardiovascular protection: reduce the risk of atherosclerosis by reducing the level of homocysteine (by 12%). Supplementation for hypertensive patients can reduce systolic blood pressure by 8mmHg.
Industrial and Biotechnology Applications
Feed Additives for Feed Industry
The feed industry represents the most important application sector for L-valine powder, accounting for 55%–58% of its total consumption, and serves as an indispensable functional amino acid raw material for livestock and poultry farming. As an essential amino acid that animals cannot synthesize endogenously, L-valine acts as a limiting amino acid in low-protein diets for piglets and broilers, directly affecting animal growth, metabolism and immune function. In poultry production, appropriate supplementation of L-valine optimizes dietary nutrient formulation, reduces the crude protein inclusion rate, and lowers breeding costs while improving growth rate and laying performance in broilers and laying hens.
For swine farming, supplementation markedly increases milk yield in lactating sows, improves piglet survival rate and growth performance, and modulates the synthesis of antioxidant and immune-related factors in animals to reduce disease incidence, supporting the development of large-scale eco-friendly farming. Currently, over 70% of industrial compound feed formulas worldwide incorporate L-valine, with applications covering all types of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding bases.
Raw Material for Food and Daily Chemical Industry
In the food industry, L-valine delivers dual functions of nutrient fortification and flavor regulation, making it a key raw material for premium nutritional foods and sports nutrition products.
As a core component of branched-chain amino acids, it is frequently blended with leucine and isoleucine at the industry standard ratio of 2:1:1 to produce compound nutritional supplements for fitness enthusiasts and postoperative rehabilitation groups, facilitating muscle repair and physical recovery. In addition, it serves as a flavor modifier to fine-tune taste and balance flavor profiles in condiments; typical food dosage is controlled at 0.5–1 g per kilogram, complying with international food safety standards. Within the daily chemical sector, L-valine is used to formulate amino acid-based skincare and haircare products. By regulating amino acid metabolism in skin and hair, it delivers moisturizing effects and repairs the skin barrier, acting as a vital raw material for mild functional personal care formulations.
Synthetic Intermediate for Fine Chemicals
L-valine is a critical synthetic intermediate in fine chemical manufacturing, employed to produce diverse functional amino acids, alkaloids and bio-based fine chemicals. Compared with conventional chemically synthesized feedstocks, its bio-based nature offers advantages including low pollution, high purity and stable reactivity. It can replace certain highly polluting chemical raw materials to enable green chemical production. Moreover, L-valine functions as a processing aid for modifying polymers and biodegradable materials, enhancing material biocompatibility and environmental performance to meet the evolving demands of the green chemical industry.
Substrate for Microbial Strain Cultivation
Within biotechnological fermentation systems, L-valine serves as a high-quality nutrient substrate for microbial strain cultivation, widely adopted in the culture of engineered strains such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. It supplies essential nitrogen and energy sources to support strain propagation and metabolism, maintaining cellular activity and metabolic stability to secure fermentation productivity for bioproducts including amino acids, antibiotics and enzyme preparations.
Precise adjustment of L-valine concentration in culture media enables optimization of microbial metabolic pathways and improves titer and purity of target products; therefore, it is an essential auxiliary material for boosting efficiency in modern biomanufacturing.
Biosynthetic Raw Material for Biomedicine
Biomedicine is a high-value application field for L-valine. Owing to excellent biocompatibility and physiological activity, it acts as a core synthetic raw material for peptide drugs, clinical nutritional formulations and immunomodulatory agents.
It participates in human protein synthesis, energy metabolism and immune regulation, and is used to develop postoperative enteral nutrition and critical care nutritional products to support tissue repair and immune recovery in patients. Additionally, L-valine functions as a building block for targeted peptide therapeutics, optimizing molecular structure to enhance drug targeting and bioavailability, and is broadly applied in research on anti-tumor and anti-infective medicines.
Reagent for Biological Assays and Scientific Research
High-purity L-valine is a standardized laboratory reagent for biological research and analytical testing, deployed in amino acid metabolism studies, microbial resistance assays, cell culture and other experimental workflows. Researchers can modulate L-valine concentrations to investigate amino acid metabolic mechanisms and strain metabolic patterns in organisms, generating data to advance amino acid breeding and bioengineering technologies. It constitutes a fundamental consumable for basic research in life sciences and bioengineering.
I. Chemical Synthesis Process
Chemical synthesis uses isovaleric acid as the core raw material. Racemic valine is prepared via two key reactions: bromination followed by ammonolysis, and the L-configured product is subsequently obtained through chiral resolution.
First, isovaleric acid undergoes a substitution reaction with bromine to form α-bromoisovaleric acid, which precisely activates the active site adjacent to the carboxyl group. Excess ammonia gas is then introduced into the reaction system to carry out ammonolysis; the bromine atom is replaced by an amino group to yield crude racemic valine.
This reaction must be conducted at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure to prevent high-temperature induced isomerization and product degradation.
Since chemically synthesized product is a DL-racemic mixture, a chiral resolving agent is required for separation and purification to remove ineffective D-valine, yielding pure L-valine intermediate. This process features simple operation yet suffers from high chiral resolution costs and abundant byproducts, making it only suitable for small-batch production.
II. Microbial Fermentation Process
Genetically engineered bacterial fermentation is widely adopted for industrial mass production, with engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum serving as the core strain.
A fermentation medium containing glucose, corn steep liquor and inorganic salts is prepared first. After sterilization, strains are inoculated and cultivated under controlled temperature, pH and aeration conditions.
Gene editing is applied to upregulate the expression of functional genes ilvBNCE inside strains and optimize the pyruvate metabolic pathway, which greatly improves L-valine synthesis efficiency while blocking the formation of byproducts.
Carbon and nitrogen sources are continuously supplemented throughout fermentation to sustain balanced microbial metabolism. High-titer L-valine fermentation broth is harvested upon completion of the fermentation cycle. This process offers mild reaction conditions, low-cost raw materials and naturally pure product chirality without complicated resolution steps, well suited for large-scale industrial manufacturing.
III. Purification and Powder Preparation
The fermentation broth is first centrifuged and filtered to remove bacterial cells and solid impurities, producing clear filtrate. pH adjustment and adsorption via ion-exchange resins are then performed to eliminate residual impurities and pigments, followed by vacuum concentration to raise product concentration.
L-valine crystals precipitate from the concentrated solution under low-temperature crystallization. After further purification by recrystallization in pure water, low-temperature vacuum drying and ultrafine milling are carried out to finally produce white L-valine powder with purity above 99%, meeting specifications for various commercial raw material grades.
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