Emodin powder is an organic compound with the chemical formula C15H10O5, CAS 518-82-1. It is an orange yellow needle shaped crystal that crystallizes orange in acetone and yellow in methanol. It has a melting point of 256 ℃ to 257 ℃ and exhibits a special reaction of anthraquinone. It is almost insoluble in water and soluble in ethanol and alkaline solutions. The dry rhizomes and roots of the Polygonaceae plant Polygonum cuspidatum. The rhizome of Rheum palmatum is a plant-based medicinal herb. Its physiological activity determines that it can not only be used for medical purposes, but also for health and daily chemical products. Some people use it in hair and skincare products, while others incorporate it into natural pigments. There are also antibacterial, cough relieving, anti-tumor, and blood pressure lowering measures available.
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Chemical Formula |
C15H10O5 |
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Exact Mass |
270 |
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Molecular Weight |
270 |
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m/z |
270 (100.0%), 271 (16.2%), 272 (1.2%), 272 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.67; H, 3.73; O, 29.60 |
Emodin powder is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and modern pharmacological research has found that it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. At the same time, it can inhibit tumor growth, resist renal interstitial fibrosis and diuresis, protect the kidneys, prevent and treat fatty liver, as well as various biological functions such as antioxidant and cardiovascular protection.
1. Anti inflammation, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antigen insect
1) Anti inflammation: Research has found that a single gavage of emodin at 30 and 60mg/kg can significantly inhibit paw swelling in mice caused by carrageenan, while gavage at 60 and 100mg/kg can significantly inhibit paw swelling in rats caused by carrageenan, and the inhibitory effect increases with increasing dosage; A single gavage of 90 and 150mg/kg can significantly inhibit the increase in capillary permeability caused by acetic acid in mice; Intraperitoneal injection of 20 and 40mg/kg can significantly inhibit the exudation and leukocyte migration of acute pleurisy in rats caused by carrageenan.
2) Antibacterial: Emodin has a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect and is not easily resistant to Staphylococcus aureus. It is also sensitive to Streptococcus, and is effective against diphtheria, hay, anthrax, paratyphoid fever, dysentery, influenza bacteria, as well as pneumococcal and catarrhal bacteria. It has a strong inhibitory effect on anaerobic bacteria.
3) Antiviral: Emodin has inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus, coronavirus, poliovirus, and simple scar virus. To study the in vitro antiviral effect of emodin combined with different active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, the drug combination with the highest direct effect on the virus is emodin: curcumin: matrine=2:1:2; The combination of drugs with the highest antiviral synthesis efficacy is emodin: curcumin: matrine=2:0:1. The anti scarring effect of rhubarb mainly prevents virus replication by inhibiting the adsorption and penetration process of the virus.
4) Antifungal activity: Screening was conducted on the antifungal activities of Rubiaceae, Rhamnaceae, and other genera, and it was found that the main onion ketone ligands, including emodin, have antifungal activity.
5) Antigen worm: Research has found that emodin has a wide range of antigen worm activity, including Trypanosoma rhodesii, Leishmania donovani, and the LK strain of Plasmodium falciparum.
2. Antitumor effects
Many literatures have reported that emodin has inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo against a variety of tumors (such as lung cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, neurocytoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and other solid tumors, as well as leukemia and other non solid tumors), including inhibiting tumor proliferation, promoting tumor apoptosis, reversing tumor resistance, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis, and increasing tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy.
3. Renal protection, anti renal interstitial fibrosis, and diuretic effects
1) Renal protection: Emodin exerts definite renal protective effects in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, a common and severe microvascular complication of diabetes. It can effectively inhibit the abnormal activation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway in renal tissues of diabetic nephropathy rats. The overactivation of this pathway is closely associated with renal inflammatory injury and glomerular sclerosis. Meanwhile, emodin significantly reduces the excessive expression of fibronectin, a key extracellular matrix protein that accumulates excessively in damaged kidneys and aggravates renal structural damage.
By regulating the above key targets, emodin alleviates renal pathological damage, delays the progression of diabetic renal lesions, and effectively protects renal function in diabetic rats.
2) Anti renal interstitial fibrosis: Renal interstitial fibrosis is the core pathological process leading to irreversible renal function decline, and abnormal proliferation and cycle progression of renal fibroblasts are the key drivers of this process. Relevant cell and animal studies have verified that emodin possesses prominent anti-renal interstitial fibrosis activity.
It can effectively block the abnormal cycle progression of human renal fibroblasts, inhibit the excessive proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, and reduce the secretion of fibrotic cytokines and extracellular matrix. This intervention suppresses the accumulation of fibrous tissues in renal interstitium, improves renal tissue remodeling, and thereby hinders the continuous development and deterioration of renal interstitial fibrosis.
3) Diuretic effect: Emodin has a certain diuretic effect, therefore it also has a certain antihypertensive effect. Research has found that emodin has a dose-time dependent effect on the proliferation and differentiation of rat preadipocytes, and can induce apoptosis of preadipocytes to a certain extent, thus having potential lipid-lowering and weight loss effects.
4. Liver protective effect
Emodin powder has the effects of preventing and treating liver cancer, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, inhibiting hepatitis B virus, and protecting damaged liver cells. In the prevention and treatment of liver cancer, research has found that emodin has a strong inhibitory effect on liver cancer cell lines. Emodin has a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on alcoholic and high-fat diet induced fatty liver in rats.
Research has found that the direct inhibitory effect of emodin on the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and extracellular matrix synthesis may be the main mechanism of its anti liver fibrosis effect. Emodin has a certain inhibitory effect on hepatitis B virus in vitro; Emodin has a protective effect on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is related to reducing the degree of lipid peroxidation and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell damage after liver ischemia-reperfusion.
Herbs rich in emodin such as rhubarb have been applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine since the Western Han Dynasty, recorded in Shennong Ben Cao Jing for purgation and inflammation relief, yet the monomer remained unidentified for millennia.
In 1911, European chemists first isolated the crude anthraquinone component from rhubarb roots; formal purification and structural characterization were completed by Kögl and Postowsky in 1925, who named it emodin after Himalayan rhubarb Rheum emodi .
Early research only focused on its laxative activity. After the 1950s, scholars clarified its biosynthetic pathway from acetate units, and recent decades uncovered its renal protection, lipid regulation and anti-fibrosis effects, expanding its research value far beyond traditional purgative use.
There are two methods for extracting the powder: organic solvent extraction and acid-base extraction.
Method 1: Organic solvent extraction method
Organic solvents such as chloroform and benzene can be used for direct extraction, and the extraction solution may sometimes crystallize during the concentration process.
Methanol or ethanol can also be used for extraction, and the extraction solution can be concentrated and then distributed with different solvents or extracted with aqueous solutions of different pH values to achieve preliminary separation.
Due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl or hydroxyl groups in emodin, it binds with metal ions such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium in the plant body and exists in the form of salts. Therefore, acid is used to completely free emodin during extraction, and then extraction is carried out.
Method 2: Alkaline extraction method
It is because emodin contains hydroxyl groups, and onion ketone compounds containing hydroxyl groups can be directly extracted with alkaline solution and then precipitated with acid for extraction.
A method for separating emodin using co crystallization has been developed, which uses total anthraquinone extract of rhubarb as raw material. The total anthraquinone extract of rhubarb is an extract obtained from the roots and stems of rhubarb using alcohol as the extraction agent and reflux method.
The method includes the following steps: mixing the total anthraquinone extract of rhubarb with tert butylamine and isopropanol, using 75-95% aqueous ethanol as the solvent, stirring the reaction thoroughly at 70-100 ℃ to obtain a clear solution.
Slowly cool the obtained clarified solution to -10-20 ℃ within 4-8 hours, let it stand until it crystallizes, filter to obtain filter cake and filtrate. The filter cake is recrystallized with methanol or 75% -85% aqueous ethanol, and the obtained crude crystal is decomposed by adding acidic aqueous solution to adjust the pH value to 2-4.
Then, chloroform is added for extraction, and the organic layer is evaporated to obtain crude emodin. The crude emodin is recrystallized to obtain pure emodin.
Emodin powder has multiple anti-cancer effects, and the following are some key anti-cancer mechanisms and effects:
Inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis
It can significantly reduce the viability of colon cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
In vitro, it can induce tumor cell apoptosis by affecting the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and has therapeutic effect on pancreatic cancer.
Inhibiting tumor epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting tumor cell migration
It inhibits tumor EMT and cell migration through the Wnt/β - catenin and VEGFR2-AKT-ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
Emodin significantly inhibits Wnt/β - catenin signaling in colon cancer EMT and cell mobility.
Reduce tumor cell invasion and migration
It reduces the invasion and migration of colon tumor cells by decreasing VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).
Regulating the expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs
It effectively upregulates the expression of tumor suppressor miR-34a in liver cancer tissue and inhibits VEGFR2 induced activation of AKT, ERK1/2, SMAD2, and SMAD4.
Inhibit Tumor Angiogenesis
It inhibits angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer by reducing the expression level of miRNAs (such as miR-155 and miR-210) related to tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, and increasing the expression of anti angiogenesis miR-20b.
As an adjuvant therapy to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy
When used in combination with chemotherapy drugs, it can enhance chemotherapy efficacy, reduce tumor growth and cell proliferation.
When used in combination with sorafenib, it can inhibit tumor growth and enhance the efficacy of sorafenib.
When used in combination with the EGFR inhibitor afatinib, it can reduce the proliferation of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells, and show a synergistic anti-tumor effect in the pancreatic cancer mouse model.
Used in combination with gemcitabine
In the xenotransplantation model of gemcitabine resistant PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, its combination with gemcitabine can significantly reduce the xenotransplantation volume and tumor growth.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is emodin used for?
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Emodin has a wide range of biological activities, including diuretic, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antinociceptive. According to the most recent studies, emodin acts as an antimalarial and antiallergic agent, and can also reverse resistance to chemotherapy.
What foods are high in emodin?
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Emodin is an anthraquinone phytochemical found in plant-based foods like rhubarb, cabbage and beans [18], [19], [20]. Additionally, emodin-rich plants, including buckthorn and knotweed, have been used in traditional medicines for centuries against viral, bacterial and bowel abnormalities.
Does emodin help with anxiety?
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Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral.
Is emodin a cortisol blocker?
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Yes, emodin can block cortisol by selectively inhibiting the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (\(11\beta -HSD1\)). This enzyme converts inactive cortisone into the active hormone cortisol, so by inhibiting it, emodin can reduce the body's ability to produce cortisol. Research shows that emodin has this effect both in cell studies and in animal models.
What is the best supplement to reduce cortisol?
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Ashwagandha, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids are among the most effective supplements for reducing cortisol. L-theanine, phosphatidylserine, and vitamin C are also commonly recommended. However, the best supplement depends on individual needs and it is important to discuss any new supplement with a healthcare provider before starting, as they are not a substitute for healthy lifestyle habits.
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