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β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, also known as β-NAD, is a vital coenzyme involved in numerous cellular metabolic reactions. With the molecular formula C21H27N7O14P2 and a molecular weight of approximately 663.43 g/mol, it plays a crucial role in energy production and cellular processes.
This coenzyme exists primarily in two forms: oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH or NADH+H+). In its oxidized state, NAD+ serves as an electron acceptor, while in its reduced state, NADH functions as an electron donor. This interconversion is essential for various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, facilitating the transfer of hydrogen ions and promoting the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of cells.
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| Chemical Formula | C21H28N7O14P2- |
| Exact Mass | 664.12 |
| Molecular Weight | 664.44 |
| m/z | 664.12 (100.0%), 665.12 (22.7%), 666.12 (2.9%), 665.11 (2.6%), 666.12 (2.5%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 37.96; H, 4.25; N, 14.76; O, 33.71; P, 9.32 |
β-NAD is highly soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like acetone. It is stable in dry conditions and neutral or slightly acidic solutions but prone to degradation in alkaline environments and upon heating. Its absorption peaks at 259 nm (ε17800) and 230 nm (ε8000) at pH 7.5, providing a basis for its quantitative analysis.
Furthermore, β-NAD is pivotal in maintaining cellular health and function. As a cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes, it supports various biochemical reactions, aiding in the oxidation of alcohols, such as ethanol.
Research has shown that maintaining adequate levels of β-NAD or its precursors like nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) can slow cellular aging, enhance mitochondrial function, and improve metabolic health.
In summary, β-NADH is a fundamental coenzyme in cellular metabolism, facilitating energy production and supporting various biochemical processes that are critical for maintaining cellular health and function.
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in various physiological activities such as cellular metabolism, energy synthesis, and cellular DNA repair, and plays an important role in the body's immune ability. Under healthy conditions, the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the human body is stable, maintaining the normal functions of various cells. The concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the body determines the process and extent of cell aging, and a decrease in concentration will accelerate the process of cell aging.Studies have shown that NAD+ has a protective effect on renal infarction caused by ischemic surgery and can significantly reduce serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; NAD+ has a protective effect on renal tubular damage caused by ischemic surgery.
NAD+ can effectively protect kidney damage caused by renal ischemia, and NAD+ has important application value in the preparation of drugs for preventing and treating renal ischemic damage. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has certain applications in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory pain. NAD+ is involved in regulating the expression of formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) through NAD+-dependent deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT2. Induced inflammatory pain, while SIRT1 and SIRT2 participate in the inhibitory effect of NAD+ on inflammatory pain through different mechanisms, thereby achieving analgesic effect on inflammatory pain.
Electron Carrier: β-NADH serves as an electron carrier in the metabolic pathways, particularly in the glycolysis, β-oxidation, and citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). It donates electrons during oxidative phosphorylation, facilitating the production of ATP, the energy currency of cells.
Mitochondrial Function: β-NADH is essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and energy production. It is often referred to as "mitochondrial vitamin" due to its role in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Cellular Signaling and DNA Repair
ADP-Ribosylation: β-NAD+ (the oxidized form of β-NADH) serves as a substrate for ADP-ribosyltransferases, which are involved in various cellular processes such as signal transduction and DNA repair.
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Activity: β-NAD+ is utilized by PARP enzymes to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose), a polymer that plays a role in DNA repair and cellular stress responses.
Enzyme Activity Assay: β-NADH is often used in biochemical assays to measure the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes. The difference in absorbance at 340 nm between NAD+ and NADH can be utilized to monitor the progress of dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions.
Diagnostic Kits: β-NADH is a component in various diagnostic kits used for detecting analytes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), and others. These kits rely on the dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions that involve β-NADH.
4. Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications
Potential Anti-Aging Effects: Research suggests that β-NAD+ precursors may have anti-aging effects by boosting NAD+ levels in cells, which can enhance energy metabolism and reduce oxidative stress.
Neurological Diseases: β-NAD+-dependent enzymes are involved in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Strategies to increase β-NAD+ levels are being explored as potential therapeutic approaches.
Cancer Biology: β-NAD+ and its related enzymes play crucial roles in cancer metabolism and progression. Understanding these roles may lead to new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Biotechnology: β-NADH is used in biotechnological processes such as fermentation and bioconversions, where it serves as a cofactor for various enzymes involved in the production of chemicals and fuels.
Food and Beverage Industry: β-NADH may have potential applications in the food and beverage industry, particularly in enhancing the nutritional value and shelf life of products through its antioxidant and energy-boosting properties.
synthesis method
Cell disruption
Soak yeast cells in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution for 0.5-2.5h, perform temperature difference cell wall breaking treatment, filter with ceramic membrane, and obtain clear solution A by taking the filtrate.
Concentration
Ultrafiltration of clear solution A obtained in S1, nanofiltration of ultrafiltrate to obtain concentrated solution B, and pH adjustment of concentrated solution B to 2-2.5 with hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to obtain concentrated solution C.
Elution
Pass concentrated solution C obtained in S2 through D152 resin column, elute with ammonia water, collect eluate D, and use hydrochloric acid Chemic After adjusting the pH of the eluent D to 7-8 with albook aqueous solution, pass through a 717 resin column, elute with potassium chloride aqueous solution, and collect the comprehensive solution E.
Separation
nanofiltration the comprehensive solution E obtained in S3 to obtain a concentrated solution F; adjust the pH of the concentrated solution F to 1-3 with nitric acid aqueous solution, add acetone for precipitation, and centrifuge to obtain solid G.
Purification
dissolve the solid G obtained in S4 in water, pass through preparative chromatography, desalt, separate, collect the separated solution, concentrate, and freeze-dry to obtain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, commonly abbreviated as β-NAD or NADH, exhibits significant biological activity within various biochemical processes. Here's an overview of its key bioactivities:
Firstly, β-NADH serves as a crucial cofactor in numerous redox reactions. It functions as an electron donor and acceptor, facilitating the transfer of electrons in metabolic pathways. This role is vital in energy production processes such as glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. During these processes, β-NADH donates electrons, which are then harnessed to generate ATP, the energy currency of cells.
Secondly, β-NADH acts as a donor of ADP-ribose units in ADP-ribosylation reactions. This reaction is significant in various cellular processes, including DNA repair and the regulation of protein function. By donating ADP-ribose units, β-NADH helps modify proteins and other biomolecules, thereby influencing their activity and function.
Moreover, β-NADH is also a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose, a signaling molecule involved in calcium signaling and the regulation of insulin secretion. Its role in calcium signaling is particularly important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating various physiological processes.
In addition, β-NADH plays a role in the synthesis and repair of DNA. It supports the activity of enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair, ensuring the stability and integrity of the genetic material.
Furthermore, β-NADH has been implicated in aging and longevity. Studies have shown that maintaining adequate levels of β-NADH can delay aging processes and promote cellular health. This is attributed to its role in energy production and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
In summary, β-NADH exhibits diverse biological activities, playing a pivotal role in energy metabolism, ADP-ribosylation reactions, calcium signaling, DNA repair, and aging processes. Its importance in maintaining cellular health and function underscores its significance in biological systems.
Strategies to Boost β-NAD Levels
Dietary Interventions
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN):Precursors that bypass rate-limiting steps in β-NAD synthesis, effectively raising β-NAD levels in mice and humans.
Tryptophan-Rich Foods:Turkey, eggs, and cheese provide tryptophan for de novo β-NAD synthesis.
Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction:These dietary regimens activate sirtuins, increasing β-NAD turnover.
Exercise and Physical Activity
Aerobic exercise enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and β-NAD synthesis via AMPK and PGC-1α activation, improving metabolic health.
Pharmacological Approaches
NAMPT Activators:
Compounds like P7C3 enhance NAMPT activity, boosting β-NAD salvage.
PARP Inhibitors:
Drugs like olaparib reduce β-NAD consumption by inhibiting PARP overactivation.
CD38 Inhibitors:
Experimental agents like 78c block CD38, preserving β-NAD levels.
Supplementation with β-NAD Precursors
NR and NMN Supplements:
Clinical trials demonstrate that NR (300-1000 mg/day) increases β-NAD by up to 60% in humans.
Resveratrol:
A polyphenol that activates SIRT1, indirectly promoting β-NAD utilization.
I. Initial Discovery (1906)
In 1906, British scientists Harden and Young conducted research on alcoholic fermentation in yeast. They discovered that heat-sterilized yeast extract drastically accelerated fermentation and named the heat-stable active ingredient cozymase, the primitive form of β-NAD.
II. Structural Elucidation (1920–1936)
In 1929, Euler-Chelpin purified the compound and verified its dinucleotide structure. The two researchers were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their related fermentation studies. In 1936, Warburg clarified the core physiological functions of β-NAD, identified the nicotinamide moiety as the critical site for redox hydrogen transfer, and confirmed that the β-conformation corresponds to its biologically active form.
III. Precursor Identification and Synthetic Perfection (1938–1950)
In 1938, Elvehjem confirmed nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (vitamin B3) serve as endogenous biosynthetic precursors for β-NAD. After 1940, Kornberg gradually mapped out the key enzymatic systems governing its biosynthesis. Total chemical synthesis of β-NAD was accomplished in 1950, finalizing the full molecular framework of the molecule.
FAQ
Is NAD+ like Ozempic?
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No, NAD+ is not like Ozempic. They are completely different compounds that operate on different biological systems. While both are popular in wellness routines, they serve entirely different purposes.
Is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide good for you?
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, critical for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular health. While it is vital for your body, taking it as a supplement to actively boost health is still being researched, though it holds promise for healthy aging.
What foods are high in NAD?
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You cannot absorb Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) directly from your diet. Instead, your body builds and recycles NAD+ using nutritional building blocks. To boost your levels, focus on foods rich in Niacin (Vitamin B3), Tryptophan, and direct precursors like Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) or NMN.
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