Superoxide dismutase powder, molecular formula NULL, CAS 9054-89-1, It is an important component of the antioxidant enzyme system in biological systems, widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. It is an antioxidant metalloenzyme that exists in living organisms. It can catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals to produce oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, playing a crucial role in the balance between oxidation and antioxidation in the body. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. It is a type of enzyme that can catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) into H2O2 and O2. This enzyme is widely distributed and has been isolated from various organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa, insects, fish, and mammals.
Its properties are very stable, and bovine red blood cell SOD remains inactive even after heating at 75 ℃ for several minutes. It is also relatively stable to acid and alkali, and can react within the pH range of 5.3-10.5. It has antioxidant and anti-aging effects, and its mechanism of action is mainly to eliminate harmful superoxide anion radicals (O2-) in the body. Superoxide dismutase has unique therapeutic effects on diseases caused by superoxide radicals (O2-), such as oxygen poisoning, acute inflammation, various autoimmune diseases, radiation sickness, and senile cataracts. It is a promising new type of medicinal enzyme. Superoxide dismutase is being studied as an anti-aging drug.
The catalytic effect of SOD is achieved through the alternating electron gain and loss of metal ions Mn+1 (oxidized state) and Mn (reduced state). It is generally believed that superoxide anion radicals first form inner bound complexes with metal ions, and Mn+1 is reduced to Mn by superoxide anion radicals in the body, while generating O2. Mn is then oxidized to Mn+1 by HO2 ·, while generating H2O2. And SOD is oxidized to its initial oxidation state. Finally, H2O2 is catalytically decomposed into water (H2O) and O2 under the action of catalase
In terms of food:
Superoxide dismutase powder has a high content in vegetables and fruits, such as bananas, hawthorns, prickly pears, kiwis, garlic, etc. It is also distributed in other foods such as scallops and chicken. The activity of SOD is higher in the peel than in the flesh, and higher in fresh fruits than in fruits after storage. And it is processed into various forms of health products and food additives for use, such as SOD added milk, beer, gummies and other types of food nutrition fortifiers.
In the field of daily chemical industry:
Skin aging and damage are important characteristics of human aging, which is caused by the accumulation or clearance of reactive oxygen species, resulting in obstacles. Excess free radicals in the body can cause cell damage and pigmentation. Due to direct contact between human skin and oxygen, it can cause skin aging and damage. The supplementation of exogenous SOD is beneficial for delaying skin aging, antioxidation, and removing pigmentation. Many domestic and foreign cosmetics manufacturers have added a certain proportion of SOD to their products. Such as Est é e Lauder Pomegranate Water from France, SKII Fairy Water from Japan, and Da Bao SOD Honey from China.
Anti inflammatory aspect:
Based on the fact that SOD is a specific dismutation catalyst that acts on superoxide anion radicals, SOD, as a pharmaceutical product, has significant therapeutic effects in treating inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases caused by free radical action. SOD can use its antioxidant properties to inhibit inflammation types such as arthritis, pleurisy, and acute bronchitis.
Reactive oxygen species, including superoxide radicals, play an important role in colitis, and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) can destroy superoxide radicals in the body. A recent study published in Redox Biology found that SOD1 deficiency can enhance oxidative stress in mice, disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier, reduce antioxidant enzyme activity, increase colonic infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells, and worsen DSS induced colitis in mice. Restoring SOD activity can inhibit inflammation and apoptosis mediated by p38-MAPK/NF - κ B signaling, thereby alleviating colitis.
Classification
According to the different metal cofactors in SOD, Superoxide dismutase powder can be roughly divided into three categories: Cu/Zn SOD Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD.
① Cu/Zn SOD:
Blue-green in color, mainly present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and is considered to be the most widely distributed species in relatively primitive biological groups.
② Mn SOD:
Pink in color, mainly found in the mitochondria of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
③ Fe SOD:
It is yellow brown in color and mainly exists in prokaryotic cells. They can effectively eliminate superoxide anion radicals (carrying one unpaired electron and one negative charge), avoiding their excessive damage to cells, and have functions such as antioxidant, anti radiation, and anti-aging.
Distribution
① Most primitive invertebrate cells contain Cu/Zn SOD, while vertebrates generally contain Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD. Cu/Zn SOD is found in red blood cells and liver cells of humans, mice, pigs, cows, etc., and it mainly exists in the cytoplasm, as well as between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria.
② Fe SOD in plant cells mainly exists in chloroplasts.
③ Fungi generally contain Mn SOD and Cu/Zn SOD. Most eukaryotic algae contain Fe SOD in their chloroplast stroma and Mn SOD bound to the thylakoid membrane, while most algae do not contain Cu/Zn SOD.
Mn SOD, which is generally present in the mitochondrial matrix, has also been purified from human and animal liver cells.
structure
① Cu/Zn SOD:
Its active center includes one Cu ion and one Zn ion. Research has shown that the presence of Cu is necessary for the activity of Cu/Zn SOD, as it directly interacts with superoxide anion radicals. However, the surrounding environment of Zn is crowded and does not directly expose itself to the reaction solution, nor does it directly interact with superoxide anion radicals, thus stabilizing the environment around the active center. The divalent copper ion binds to the nitrogen atoms on the four histidine residues around it through coordination bonds, resulting in a distorted nearly planar square configuration. There are three histidines around Zn that coordinate with it through a nitrogen atom, and one histidine is shared by Cu and Zn, forming an imidazole bridge structure. In addition, Zn also coordinates with an aspartic acid residue, forming a distorted tetrahedral coordination configuration.
② Mn SOD:
Composed of 203 amino acid residues. The active center is Mn (III), and the coordination structure is a five coordinate triangular bipyramid, with one axial ligand being a water molecule and the other axial ligand being the His-28 protein cofactor. On the equatorial plane, the protein cofactors are His-83, Asp-166, and His-170. The active site of an enzyme is located in an environment primarily composed of hydrophobic residues, with two subunit chains forming a channel that serves as a necessary pathway for substrates or other internal ligands to approach Mn (III) ions.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is a type of metalloenzyme widely present in living organisms, which can efficiently catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals (O₂⁻·) into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and oxygen (O₂). It is a core component of the antioxidant defense system in living organisms. With the in-depth study of its functional mechanism, SOD has shown wide application value in fields such as medicine, food, cosmetics, agriculture, and industry.
Medical field: antioxidant therapy and disease intervention
1. Anti aging and chronic disease treatment
SOD slows down the process of cellular aging by clearing excess superoxide anion radicals in the body, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage. Clinical studies have shown that SOD supplements can improve the immune function of the elderly, reduce the level of inflammatory factors, and have potential therapeutic effects on age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease. For example, the combination of superoxide dismutase powder and vitamin E can significantly reduce the area of atherosclerotic plaque, and its mechanism is related to inhibiting the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein.
2. Inflammation and regulation of autoimmune diseases
In chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, SOD reduces tissue oxidative damage by inhibiting superoxide anions produced by neutrophil respiratory burst. Animal experiments have shown that local injection of SOD can reduce the joint swelling rate and the expression of inflammatory factors (such as TNF - α and IL-6) in arthritis model rats, providing a basis for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
3. Radiation damage protection
SOD has a protective effect on cell damage induced by ionizing radiation (such as X-rays, gamma rays). Its mechanism includes clearing free radicals generated by radiation, stabilizing cell membrane structure, and inhibiting DNA double strand breaks. Preclinical studies have confirmed that SOD pretreatment can significantly improve the survival rate of radiation exposed mice and alleviate side effects such as bone marrow suppression, providing a new strategy for adjuvant therapy of tumor radiotherapy.
4. Eye disease
In ophthalmic diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts, SOD protects retinal ganglion cells and lens epithelial cells by inhibiting intraocular oxidative stress response. For example, SOD eye drops can reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma model rats and decrease the loss of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, providing direction for the development of neuroprotective anti glaucoma drugs.
Food Industry: Natural Antioxidants and Preservatives
1. Food additive
SOD, as a natural antioxidant, can replace chemically synthesized preservatives such as BHA and BHT, extending the shelf life of food. It eliminates free radicals generated during food processing, inhibits oil oxidation, rancidity, and protein denaturation. For example, adding SOD to meat products can reduce the production of halal flavor and maintain meat color stability; The application in dairy products can prevent the degradation of nutrients such as vitamin A and C.
2. Functional food development
Superoxide dismutase powder is widely used in health foods to supplement the body's antioxidant capacity in the form of capsules, oral liquids, and other forms. Clinical studies have shown that daily intake of 100-200 mg SOD can significantly enhance plasma total antioxidant capacity, reduce levels of oxidative stress markers (such as MDA), and have a positive effect on improving sub-health status and enhancing exercise endurance.
Cosmetics field: anti-aging and skin protection
1. Anti wrinkle and whitening
SOD improves skin elasticity and wrinkle depth by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) induced by ultraviolet radiation, reducing collagen degradation. At the same time, it can block the activity of the key enzyme for melanin synthesis (tyrosinase) and inhibit pigmentation. For example, the essence containing SOD can reduce the melanin index of mouse skin after ultraviolet radiation by 30% and increase the collagen content.
2. Repair barrier function
SOD can promote the proliferation of keratinocytes and lipid synthesis, accelerating skin barrier repair. In the atopic dermatitis model, SOD cream can significantly reduce transcutaneous water loss (TEWL) and alleviate itching symptoms, with effects comparable to glucocorticoids but with fewer side effects.
Agricultural field: stress resistance, yield increase, and biological control
1. Improvement of plant stress resistance
Overexpression of SOD gene can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and low temperature. For example, after the increase of SOD activity in genetically modified tobacco, its photosynthetic efficiency decreased by 40% under drought conditions, and the yield loss decreased by 25%.
2. Biological pesticide development
SOD can inhibit the damage of plant cells caused by superoxide anions produced by pathogenic bacteria, and is used as a biological control agent for crop protection. For example, the combination of SOD and chitinase can significantly reduce the incidence rate of tomato gray mold, which is better than chemical fungicides.
Superoxide dismutase has become a hot topic in interdisciplinary research due to its efficient free radical scavenging ability. With the development of genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology, the stability, targeting, and catalytic efficiency of SOD will be further improved. Its potential applications in precision medicine, green agriculture, and intelligent environmental protection will continue to be released, providing important support for human health and sustainable development.
Measurement method
The main methods for determining the activity of superoxide dismutase include direct method, pyrogallol auto oxidation method, cytochrome C reduction method, chemiluminescence method, and fluorescence kinetics method. In recent years, many new methods have been established, such as immunological method, simple gel filtration diffusion method, polarographic oxygen electrode method, micro assay method, etc.
The principle is to determine the activity of Superoxide dismutase powderby measuring the amount of O2- dismutation based on the properties of O2- or the substance that produces O2-. Classic direct methods include pulse radiation decomposition, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Due to the high cost of required instruments and equipment, they are generally less commonly used.
The principle is based on classical spectrophotometry. Under alkaline conditions, Phlorophenol auto oxidizes to red orange phenol. UV visible spectroscopy is used to track wavelengths of 325nm, 420nm, or 650nm (classical 420nm), while generating O2-. SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of O2- to inhibit the auto oxidation of Phlorophenol. The inhibition rate of the sample on the auto oxidation rate of Phlorophenol can reflect the SOD content in the sample. This method has the advantages of strong specificity, small sample size required (only 50 μ l), fast and simple operation, good repeatability, high sensitivity, and simple reagents.
The principle is that O2- produced in the xanthine xanthine oxidase system reduces a certain amount of oxidized cytochrome C to reduced cytochrome C, which has the maximum light absorption at 550nm. In the presence of SOD, due to the dismutation of a portion of O2- catalyzed by SOD, the reaction rate of O2- reduction of cytochrome C is correspondingly reduced, that is, its reaction is inhibited. The inhibition curve can be obtained by plotting the percentage of inhibition reaction against the concentration of SOD, from which the SOD activity in the sample can be calculated. This method is a classic indirect method, but its sensitivity is relatively low.
The principle is that xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation reaction of substrates xanthine or hypoxanthine under aerobic conditions to produce uric acid, while also producing O2-. The latter can react with the chemiluminescent agent luminol to excite it. SOD can clear O2- and thus inhibit the chemiluminescence of luminol. This method can be applied to the micro determination of SOD, with high sensitivity, simplicity, and accuracy at least similar to the cytochrome C reduction method.
They measure SOD activity, while immunological methods can determine the mass of SOD in the sample, so they have good specificity and are ideal methods for measuring SOD. Immunological methods include radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, ELISA, etc. But its drawback is that it can only detect the corresponding antigen of the antibody, and for detecting different types of SOD, it is necessary to prepare corresponding specific antibodies, which is cumbersome.
faq
What does superoxide dismutase do?
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme found in all living cells. An enzyme is a substance that speeds up certain chemical reactions in the body. Superoxide dismutase helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells.
What foods are high in superoxide dismutase?
The consumption of natural sources of SOD, such as cabbage, Brussels sprouts, wheatgrass, barley grass and broccoli has been encouraged [15]. The use of SOD as a drug may be advantageous in terms of the quantity and duration of the pharmacological effect, compared to other antioxidants.
How to increase SOD in the body?
Your body makes the antioxidant enzyme naturally, but you can eat fresh food sources of SOD to increase your levels without having to rely on supplementation. If adding antioxidant foods to your diet isn't enough and you are using SOD to fight a particular health condition, supplements and IV doses are available.
What is SOD in skincare?
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