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Adenosine powder is a powdered substance containing Adenosine, molecular formula C10H13N5O4, CAS 58-61-7, a nucleotide consisting of ribose, adenine and phosphate groups, which is an important component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the substance that directly provides energy in living organisms, and is known as the "molecular currency" of energy in cells. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of the N-9 of adenine linked to the C-1 of D-ribose by a β-glycosidic bond, with the chemical formula C10H13N5O4, and its phosphate ester is adenosine. adenosine plays an important role in biochemistry, including the transfer of energy either in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine dihydrogen diphosphate (ADP) or as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). D-adenosine (Nucleosid) is a class of glycosChemicalbookylamine molecules consisting of a nucleic acid base plus ribose or deoxyribose, the bases being Purine and Pyrimidine. The bases include Purine (Purine) and Pyrimidine (Pyrimidine), Purine includes Guanine and Adenine, Pyrimidine includes Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil, Ribose and nucleic acid bases are composed of β-N glycosidic bonds.
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| Chemical Formula | C10H13N5O4 |
| Molecular Weight | 267.24 |
| Exact Mass | 267.1 |
| m/z | 267.10 (100.0%), 268.10 (10.8%), 268.09 (1.8%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 44.94; H, 4.90; N, 26.21; O, 23.95 |
| Melting point | 234-236 °C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 410.43°C (rough estimate) |
| Density | 1.3382 (rough estimate) |
| Storage conditions | 2-8°C |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot water, practically insoluble in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methylene chloride. It dissolves in dilute mineral acids. |
| Form | Crystalline Powder |
| Color | White |
| Acidity Coefficient (pKa) | 3.6, 12.4(at 25℃) |
| Refractive index | 1.7610 (estimate) |
| Water solubility | Soluble in water, ammonium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Insoluble in ethanol. |
| Rotoriness(optical activity) | [α]20/D 70±3°, c = 2% in 5% NaOH |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
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Adenosine powder, as an endogenous purine nucleoside, is formed by the β - N9 glycosidic bond between adenine and ribose, and is widely present in human cells. It is not only a decomposition product of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), but also a core molecule for cellular energy metabolism, signal transduction, and physiological regulation. With the in-depth study of the mechanism of action of adenosine, its application fields have expanded from medical treatment to multiple fields such as food, cosmetics, and industrial production, forming an interdisciplinary and multidimensional application system.
1. Cardiovascular system treatment
Adenosine plays a central role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by activating cardiac adenosine receptors (A1, A2A subtypes)
Antiarrhythmic: Adenosine can inhibit atrioventricular node conduction, reduce sinoatrial node autonomy, and restore normal heart rate in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It takes effect quickly (within seconds) and has a half-life of only a few seconds, requiring rapid intravenous injection. Clinical data shows that a single injection of 6mg adenosine can restore sinus rhythm in 90% of PSVT patients within 1 minute. In addition, adenosine can also be used to treat supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
Improving myocardial blood supply: Adenosine can dilate coronary arteries (especially small arteries), increase myocardial blood flow by 3-5 times, and is commonly used in cardiac stress tests (such as adenosine stress nuclear myocardial imaging) to evaluate the extent and severity of myocardial ischemia. Research has shown that adenosine stress testing has a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of over 85% for coronary heart disease, and does not require exercise, making it suitable for patients who cannot tolerate exercise.
Anti shock and hypotension: Adenosine can lower blood pressure by dilating peripheral blood vessels, and is used for blood pressure control in hypertensive crises or surgeries. Its antihypertensive effect is mild, avoiding reflex heart rate acceleration, especially suitable for hypertensive patients with concomitant coronary heart disease.
2. Protection of the nervous system
Adenosine acts as a neurotransmitter or modulator in the central nervous system, inhibiting neuronal overexcitement and exerting neuroprotective effects by activating A1 receptors
Cerebral ischemia protection: Adenosine can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury and decrease the rate of brain cell apoptosis. Experiments have shown that adenosine pretreatment can reduce the neurological deficit score by 40% and the infarct volume by 30% in rats with cerebral ischemia models.
Pain relief and sleep regulation: Adenosine participates in the inhibition of pain signal transmission and regulates the sleep wake cycle by activating A2A receptors.
The refreshing effect of caffeine is achieved by blocking adenosine receptors. Research has shown that elevated levels of adenosine are associated with increased sleep demand, and adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine) can prolong wakefulness.
Neurodegenerative disease intervention: Adenosine may have potential therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease by regulating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and other pathways. Animal experiments have shown that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists can improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease model mice.
3. Immune and anti-inflammatory regulation
Adenosine powder activates A2A receptors, inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF - α and IL-6, and reduces inflammatory responses
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Adenosine can be used for the treatment of chronic inflammations such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, reducing disease activity. Clinical studies have shown that adenosine analogs can significantly improve joint swelling and tenderness scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Antiviral effect: Adenosine can inhibit the activity of viral DNA/RNA polymerase, and has an auxiliary therapeutic effect on influenza, viral hepatitis, etc. In vitro experiments have shown that adenosine can inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus and reduce viral load.
Immune regulation: Adenosine can promote T lymphocyte differentiation, B lymphocyte proliferation, and enhance the body's immunity. Adenosine can improve anemia symptoms by stimulating the proliferation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells in blood diseases such as aplastic anemia.
4. Blood system regulation
Adenosine activates platelet A2A receptors, inhibits platelet aggregation, and reduces the risk of thrombosis
Prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Adenosine can be used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke, reducing the recurrence rate. Clinical studies have shown that adenosine analogs can reduce the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction by 25% within one year in patients with myocardial infarction.
Anticoagulant effect: Adenosine can inhibit thrombin induced platelet activation and prolong clotting time. Adenosine can be used in extracorporeal circulation surgery to reduce thrombosis and lower postoperative complications.
Health Care: Energy Support in Food and Functional Beverages
1. Application in the food industry
Flavor substance precursor: Adenosine participates in chemical reaction during fermentation or heating to produce flavor ingredients (such as inosinic acid and guanylic acid), which are used for the preparation of condiments and essence. For example, in soy sauce brewing, adenosine can enhance umami intensity and improve taste.
Nutritional fortifiers: Adenosine, as a nucleoside substance, provides energy metabolism support in functional beverages or health supplements. For example, the recommended amount of nucleotides in infant formula in European and American countries is 72mg/L (approximately 11mg/100kcal), and adenosine can be adjusted according to this standard. In addition, adenosine can also be used as a sports nutrition supplement to enhance exercise endurance.
2. Functional beverages and health products
Energy metabolism support: Adenosine participates in ATP synthesis, providing energy to cells after exercise or in a state of fatigue. Adenosine is often added to sports drinks in the market to enhance their physical recovery effect. For example, a certain brand of sports drink containing 50mg/bottle of adenosine can significantly improve the speed of muscle glycogen recovery after exercise.
Immune enhancement: Adenosine enhances the body's immunity by regulating the differentiation and proliferation of immune cells (T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes), making it suitable for people with weakened immunity. Clinical studies have shown that daily supplementation of 200mg adenosine for 3 months can significantly improve immunoglobulin levels in elderly individuals.
Anti fatigue effect: Adenosine can enhance the body's ability to tolerate stress and combat fatigue caused by exercise or work. Animal experiments have shown that adenosine can prolong the swimming time of mice and reduce blood lactate levels.
1. Chemical production
Solvent and catalyst support: Adenosine powder can serve as a solvent to help dissolve and disperse other substances, or as a catalyst support to enhance reaction efficiency. For example, in organic synthesis, the amount of adenosine added usually accounts for 1% -10% (molar fraction) of the reaction system, and the specific amount needs to be optimized according to the target product.
Polymer material additives: Adenosine can be used to improve the physical properties such as flexibility and weather resistance of polymer materials. For example, in plastic processing, adding 0.5% -2% adenosine can improve the impact resistance of materials and reduce the brittleness temperature.
Biochemical reagent synthesis: Adenosine is a key raw material for synthesizing pharmaceutical intermediates such as adenosine, adenosine triphosphate ATP, coenzyme A, etc. It can also be used to prepare biochemical reagents such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In ATP synthesis, the molar ratio of adenosine to triphosphate groups is 1:3, and the reaction time needs to be controlled within 2 hours to ensure yield.
2. Textile industry
Dye penetrant: Adenosine, as a textile finishing agent, helps the dye to evenly adhere to the fiber surface and improve dyeing uniformity. Its concentration is usually 0.5% -2% (for fabric quality). For example, in cotton fabric dyeing, adding 1% adenosine can increase the color fastness by one level.
Fiber modifier: Adenosine can change the surface properties of fibers by chemically reacting with them, such as enhancing anti-static properties and softness. For example, in the post-treatment of polyester fabrics, adding adenosine can increase the fabric's anti-static properties by 30% and reduce the friction voltage by 50%.
Cosmetics: Multi functional ingredients for anti-aging and skin conditioning
1. Anti aging effect
Skin energy supplementation: Adenosine, as an anti-aging agent, can supplement skin energy, promote skin cell metabolism, and prevent skin tissue relaxation. Clinical trials have shown that after 8 weeks of continuous use of skincare products containing 2% adenosine, skin elasticity increases by 15% and wrinkle depth decreases by 20%.
Skin restructuring: Adenosine can reorganize the skin structure and restore skin elasticity by tightening and shrinking pores. Adenosine is explicitly listed as an anti wrinkle ingredient in the Korean Cosmetics Act.
2. Moisturizing and antioxidant properties
Moisturizing agent: Adenosine can absorb and lock in moisture, increasing skin moisture content. The experiment shows that the face cream containing 1% adenosine can increase the skin water content by 25%, and the moisturizing effect lasts for more than 8 hours.
Antioxidants: Adenosine can scavenge free radicals and alleviate oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. Adenosine can synergize with other antioxidant components in sunscreen products to enhance protective effects. In vitro experiments have shown that adenosine has a 60% scavenging rate on superoxide anion radicals.
3. Anti inflammatory and antibacterial properties
Anti inflammatory effect: Adenosine can inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, alleviate symptoms such as skin redness, swelling, and itching, and is suitable for caring for sensitive skin. Clinical studies have shown that skincare products containing adenosine can reduce inflammation scores by 40% in patients with sensitive skin.
Antibacterial effect: Adenosine can interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis and has inhibitory effects on Propionibacterium acnes and other acne causing bacteria, making it suitable for use in acne products. In vitro experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of adenosine against Propionibacterium acnes was 0.5mg/mL.
The synthesis of Adenosine Powder typically involves multiple steps, including de novo synthesis of nucleotides and the salvage pathway. However, the specific synthesis process may vary industrially depending on the manufacturing process.
In general, adenosine synthesis involves the attachment of ribose, phosphate and adenine bases.
(1)Phosphorylation of ribose
First, ribose (usually D-ribose) is phosphorylated to form ribose phosphate in the presence of a kinase.
(2)Attachment of bases to ribose phosphate
Adenine bases are attached to ribose phosphate by specific enzymes (e.g. adenylate synthase) to form adenylate (AMP).
(3)Further phosphorylation
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) can be further phosphorylated to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by further phosphorylation reactions in the presence of adenylate kinase.
However, this is a very simplified description and the actual synthesis process may involve more intermediate steps and enzymes.
As for the specific chemical reaction formula, it is difficult to express a single chemical reaction formula because the synthesis process is complex and involves multiple reaction steps. In addition, the synthetic methods used in industry may vary depending on the production conditions and target products.
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