L-tert-leucinaMide Hydrochloride CAS 75158-12-2

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L-tert-leucinaMide hydrochloride is an important non natural amino acid derivative and chemical intermediate, appearing as a white crystalline powder. The purity of commonly used L-threonine hydrochloride products on the market is mostly above 98%, and some products have a purity as high as 99%. As a chemical intermediate, it has a wide range of applications in the field of organic synthesis, and can be used to synthesize other complex organic compounds, especially in the fields of drug synthesis and materials science. When using, relevant safety operating procedures should be followed to avoid direct contact with skin and eyes. If accidentally touched, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical assistance.

Additional information of chemical compound:

L-tert-leucinaMide hydrochloride is an important organic compound with the chemical formula C6H15ClN2O and a molecular weight of approximately 166.65. The following is a detailed explanation of its purpose:

As an intermediate in synthetic materials

 

This substance has a wide range of applications in the field of chemical synthesis, especially as an important intermediate for synthetic materials. It can participate in various chemical reactions and synthesize new materials with specific properties by introducing specific functional groups or structural units. These new materials have broad application prospects in fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, energy, and biomedicine.

For example, in the synthesis of solar cell materials, it can be used as a key precursor or intermediate to prepare solar cell materials with efficient photoelectric conversion performance through a series of chemical reactions. These materials have significant advantages in improving the energy conversion efficiency and reducing costs of solar cells.

As a pharmaceutical intermediate

 

This substance also has important application value in the field of medicine. It can serve as a key intermediate for synthesizing various drugs, by introducing specific pharmacophores or structures, thus preparing drug molecules with specific pharmacological activities. These drugs have potential clinical value in treating various diseases.

For example, in the synthesis of anti-tumor drugs, it can serve as an important precursor or intermediate to prepare drug molecules with high anti-tumor activity through specific chemical reactions. These drugs have significant effects in inhibiting the growth, spread, and metastasis of tumor cells, providing a new option for the treatment of cancer patients.

Anti tumor proteasome inhibitor

 

In the field of anti-tumor drugs, L-tert-leucine amide hydrochloride is the core chiral building block of the new generation of proteasome inhibitor targeted drugs. The molecular structure of Carfilzomib, the world's second largest first-line treatment for primary myeloma, directly introduces the chiral fragment of L-thre-leucine, which is obtained by simple hydrolysis and condensation reaction of L-thre-leucine amide hydrochloride. 

Its anti-tumor activity is more than 10 times that of the first generation proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and the incidence of drug resistance is significantly reduced. The chiral fragment of carfilzomil was synthesized using L-tert-leucine amide hydrochloride, and the chiral purity of the product can be stably controlled at over 99.9%, completely avoiding the clinical toxic side effects that may be caused by trace chiral impurities, greatly improving the therapeutic window of the drug.

 

At present, the production of generic drugs of Kaffizomib in China has been fully localized, and the raw materials used for L-tert-leucine amide hydrochloride are all independently supplied by domestic enterprises, completely eliminating dependence on imported raw materials from overseas.

When the skin comes into contact with L-tert-leucinaMide hydrochloride, the following emergency measures should be taken immediately to reduce damage to the skin:

Quickly wipe away chemical substances:

Gently wipe off L-threonine hydrochloride from the skin with a dry cloth or tissue. Be careful to avoid using damp cloths, as moisture may accelerate the reaction between chemicals and the skin.

Rinse with plenty of water:

Immediately rinse the contact area with plenty of flowing water. When flushing, water should flow through the injured area to dilute and flush away residual chemicals.
The rinsing time should last for at least 15 minutes until no burning or irritating sensation is felt on the skin.

Observe skin condition:

After rinsing the skin, carefully observe the condition of the injured area.
If there is only slight redness or pain, it may be due to some slight irritation to the skin.
If symptoms such as papules, papules, erosions, or ulcers appear, it indicates that the situation is quite serious and immediate medical attention is needed.

Medical consultation:

Regardless of the skin condition, it is recommended to seek medical advice as soon as possible after emergency treatment.
Doctors will develop personalized treatment plans based on factors such as the type of chemical substance, exposure time, and degree of skin damage.

 

To avoid further harm:

During the handling process, avoid scratching or scratching the injured area with your hands to avoid aggravating skin damage.
Try to avoid exposing the injured area to hot water or other irritating substances to prevent worsening of symptoms.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), as a natural defense line of the central nervous system (CNS), is composed of brain capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocyte terminals, and pericytes. Its tightly connected structure can prevent about 98% of small molecule drugs and almost 100% of large molecule drugs from entering the brain parenchyma. Although this protective mechanism is crucial for maintaining the stability of the brain microenvironment, it has become a major obstacle to drug therapy for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, and stroke.

Physical and chemical limitations of passive diffusion

 

The penetration ability of BBB is closely related to the molecular weight, lipid solubility, number of hydrogen bond donors, and polar surface area of the drug. The traditional view is that compounds with a molecular weight<500 Da, a LogP value between 1-3, and<5 hydrogen bond donors are more likely to penetrate the BBB through passive diffusion. However, most neuropeptides are difficult to meet this requirement due to their large molecular weight (usually>1 kDa) and high polarity (containing multiple charged amino acids).

Molecular mechanism of active transport

 

In recent years, research has found that BBB has multiple active transport systems, including:

Receptor mediated transport (RMT), such as transferrin receptor (TfR), low-density lipoprotein receptor associated protein 1 (LRP1), and insulin receptor, can recognize specific ligands and trigger endocytosis. For example, Angiopep-2 (19 peptide) achieves efficient BBB penetration by binding to LRP1, and its brain uptake is 10 times that of traditional transferrin.

Adsorption mediated transport (AMT): positively charged molecules (such as poly arginine) can adsorb onto the surface of brain capillary endothelial cells through electrostatic interactions, and then enter brain tissue through phagocytosis.Carrier mediated transport (CMT): such as glucose transporter (GLUT1) and L-type amino acid transporter (LAT1), can transport structurally similar substances. For example, L-DOPA (LAT1 substrate) is the only prodrug in Parkinson's disease treatment that can penetrate the BBB.

Evolution of Penetration Enhancement Strategy

 

To overcome BBB limitations, researchers have developed various strategies:

Chemical modification: Enhancing lipid solubility or metabolic stability through lipidation (such as palmitoylation), fluorination, or introduction of non natural amino acids (such as D-type amino acids). 

 

Nanocarrier: Utilizing liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, or exosomes to encapsulate drugs, and actively transporting them through surface modified targeting ligands (such as Angiopep-2). For example, Angiopep-2 modified liposomes can increase the brain concentration of doxorubicin to six times that of the free drug.
Physical methods include focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles to open the BBB, but there is a risk of irreversible damage.

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