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Lindane powder, also known as γ- Hexachlorocyclohexane is an organic compound, CAS 319-86-8, with the chemical formula C6H6Cl6. It is a colorless to white crystalline solid, usually present in the form of crystals or powders, with a special pungent odor similar to the taste of cleaning agents or pesticides. However, due to its toxicity and environmental impact, many countries have restricted or prohibited its use. Its optical rotation depends on whether the light rotates clockwise (D-rotation) or counterclockwise (L-rotation) when passing through the sample. Lindane's D-rotation value is+60 °, while the L-rotation value is -60 °. It is a strong neurotoxic agent with significant toxicity. Long term exposure or ingestion may have serious effects on human health. Therefore, Lindane has been classified as a highly hazardous chemical and is subject to strict regulation. It has been used as a raw material for some pharmaceutical products, such as topical antifungal drugs, skin treatment agents, etc. However, due to its toxicity and potential health risks, most countries have restricted or prohibited the use of Lindane in pharmaceutical products and are seeking safer alternatives.
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Chemical Formula |
C6H6Cl6 |
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Exact Mass |
288 |
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Molecular Weight |
291 |
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m/z |
290 (100.0%), 292 (79.9%), 288 (52.1%), 294 (34.1%), 296 (8.2%), 291 (6.5%), 293 (5.2%), 289 (3.4%), 295 (2.2%), 298 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 24.78; H, 2.08; Cl, 73.14 |
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D-Hexachlorocyclohexane, also known as 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in its gamma isomer, is a historically significant organochlorine insecticide. Its molecular structure consists of six carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and six chlorine atoms, which can be regarded as the product of benzene's six hydrogen atoms being replaced by chlorine atoms. With its unique chemical properties and wide range of applications, it has left a profound mark in multiple fields such as agriculture, health, and industry.
1. Crop pest control
Its application is most extensive in the agricultural field, and its powerful insecticidal effect makes it the preferred pesticide for controlling various crop pests. It can effectively prevent and control agricultural pests such as locusts, rice borers, and wheat aphids, protect crops from pest invasion, and thus improve crop yield and quality.
Locust control: Locusts are one of the important pests of crops, and their large-scale outbreaks often lead to severe crop reduction or even complete failure. By using three methods of contact killing, stomach poisoning, and fumigation, locusts can be quickly killed and the spread of locust plagues can be effectively controlled.
Rice stem borer control: Rice stem borer is one of the main pests of rice, and its larvae feed on rice stems, leading to stunted rice growth and decreased yield. It has excellent control effect on rice stem borer, which can significantly reduce the population density of rice stem borer and protect the healthy growth of rice.
Prevention and control of wheat smut: Wheat smut is one of the important pests of wheat. Its larvae feed on the slurry of wheat grains, causing them to dry out and reduce yield. Through contact killing and stomach toxicity, it can effectively kill wheat midge and improve wheat yield and quality.
2. Pesticide residues and detection
Although it has been restricted or banned by many countries due to its high residue characteristics, it remains an important detection indicator in pesticide residue testing. Due to the long residual time of D-666 in the environment and its easy enrichment in organisms, the detection of its residual amount is of great significance for ensuring food safety. In China, almost all pesticide residue testing requires the detection of D-666 indicators to ensure that the pesticide residue levels in agricultural products meet national standards.
1. Sanitary pest control
Not only can it be used for agricultural pest control, but lindane powder can also be used for sanitary pest control. It can effectively kill hygiene pests such as mosquitoes, flies, and bed bugs, improve people's living environment, and prevent the spread of diseases.
Mosquito control: Mosquitoes are vectors of various diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, etc. Through contact and fumigation, mosquitoes and insects can be quickly killed, reducing their density and effectively preventing the occurrence of mosquito borne diseases.
Fly control: Flies are one of the common hygiene pests, carrying a large number of pathogens that can easily contaminate food and water sources, leading to disease transmission. It has excellent control effects on flies, significantly reducing their population density and improving environmental sanitation.
Bedbug prevention and control: Bedbugs are a difficult to completely eliminate hygiene pest, and their bites can cause skin itching and discomfort. Through the contact killing effect, it can effectively kill bed bugs and alleviate the troubles caused by bed bug bites.
2. Skin disease treatment
In addition to being used for pest control in hygiene, it can also be used to treat certain skin diseases. For example, it can be used to treat skin diseases caused by parasites such as scabies (mites attached to the skin) and lice (small insects attached to the head or genital skin). Its insecticidal effect can quickly kill parasites on the skin, alleviate skin disease symptoms, and promote skin recovery. However, it should be noted that due to the toxicity and irritation of D-hexachlorocyclohexane, it is necessary to strictly follow medical advice when using it to avoid excessive or long-term use that may cause skin damage or poisoning.
1. Fireworks production
It also has certain applications in the industrial field. For example, it can be used in the production of fireworks and as a flame coloring agent. Its chlorine atom content is high, and when burned, it can produce rich colors and smoke effects, adding ornamental and fun to fireworks. However, it should be noted that due to the toxicity and environmental pollution of D-hexachlorocyclohexane, its usage and method in fireworks production need to be strictly controlled to ensure safety and environmental protection during the production process.
2. Chemical raw materials
It can also be used as a chemical raw material. For example, it can be used as a raw material for pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenol. Pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenol are important chemical products widely used in fields such as wood preservation, leather tanning, and paper bleaching. As one of the raw materials for these products, it provides important support for the development of the chemical industry.
Applications in other fields
In addition to the aforementioned fields, it also has certain applications in other areas. For example, in environmental science research, it is often used as a model compound to study the migration, transformation, and degradation of organochlorine pesticides in the environment. By simulating the behavior of D-hexachlorocyclohexane in the environment, we can gain a deeper understanding of the potential impact of organochlorine pesticides on ecosystems and provide scientific basis for formulating scientifically reasonable pesticide use policies.
Lindane Powder, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, can be prepared in the laboratory by a variety of synthetic methods. Two common laboratory synthesis methods:
Method 1: Lindane is obtained by reacting hexachlorocyclohexane with sodium metal
C6Cl6 + 6 NaCl → C6H6Cl6 + 6 NaCl
2. Experimental steps:
a. Prepare the reaction vessel, such as a round bottom flask, making sure the vessel is dry and free from oil contamination.
b. Add an appropriate amount of butanol (5 mL) to the reaction vessel.
c. Add crude pure sodium (2 g) and stir to dissolve.
d. Slowly add hexachlorocyclohexane (10 g) to the reaction vessel with constant stirring during the addition.
e. Seal the reaction vessel with the reactants and conduct the reaction in close proximity to temperature-controlled equipment. The reaction is usually carried out at high temperature (150-200°C) under the protection of nitrogen.
f. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
g. Transfer the mixture to a separatory funnel, add an appropriate amount of water, and shake well to separate the organic matter from the water.
h. The organic phase was collected, washed with water and dried several times to obtain pure Lindane.
Method 2: Synthesis of Lindane by hydrogenation of hexachlorocyclohexane
C6Cl6 + 12 H → C6H6Cl6 + 6 H2
Experimental steps:
a. Prepare the reaction vessel, such as a round bottom flask, and make sure it is dry and free from oil contamination.
b. Add an appropriate amount of ethanol or isopropanol (5 mL) to the reaction vessel.
c. Add phosphorus pentachloride (3 g) and aluminum sodium chloride (2 g) and stir to dissolve.
d. Slowly add hexachlorocyclohexane (10 g) to the reaction vessel with constant stirring during the addition.
e. Seal the reaction vessel and carry out the reaction under the conditions of temperature-controlled equipment. The reaction is usually performed at elevated temperature (200-250°C) under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen.
f. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
g. Transfer the mixture to a separatory funnel, add an appropriate amount of water, and shake well to separate the organic and aqueous phases.
h. The organic phase was collected, washed with water and dried several times to obtain pure Lindane Powder.
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