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Sodium iodide powder, molecular formula NaI, CAS 7681-82-5, It is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaI and a molecular weight of 149.89. It is a colorless cubic crystal or white granular substance. It is a white solid formed by the reaction of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide with hydroiodic acid, followed by evaporation of the solution. It contains anhydrous, dihydrate, and pentahydrate. It is used as a raw material for iodine production, in medicine and photography. The acidic solution of sodium iodide exhibits reducing properties due to the generation of hydroiodic acid, with a salty and slightly bitter taste. It can dissolve in glycerol and has strong hygroscopicity. Gradually absorbing moisture in the air until the moisture content reaches 5%, it can be oxidized by air to release iodine and turn brown. The aqueous solution is slightly alkaline, and the same change can be achieved by adding a little alkaline to maintain stability. The pH of the aqueous solution is 8-9.5. It should be stored in a sealed environment away from light. Used for trace determination of cesium, platinum, thallium, iodine as a co solvent, and photography; It is a raw material for manufacturing inorganic iodides and organic iodides; Used in medicine as a thyroid tumor prevention and treatment agent, expectorant, diuretic, food additive, and photosensitizer; Used as an X-ray contrast agent in medicine, it can be used for bladder imaging, retrograde urography, T-tube cholangiography, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
INa |
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Exact Mass |
150 |
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Molecular Weight |
150 |
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m/z |
150 (100.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
I, 84.66; Na, 15.34 |
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Sodium iodide powder has been widely and maturely used in the medical field, especially in the treatment of thyroid diseases, contrast agents, drug synthesis, and nuclear medicine. With the advancement of technology, the application boundaries of sodium iodide continue to expand, such as the development of targeted sodium iodide nanoparticles for local tumor radiotherapy.
Thyroid disease treatment
1. Radioiodine therapy
Iodine-131 therapy is a method of using radioactive iodine to treat diseases such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. The treatment process is as follows:
Diagnosis and preparation: Doctors determine whether patients are suitable for iodine-131 treatment through thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and other methods, and evaluate the size, location, and function of the thyroid gland. Before treatment, patients need to stop taking thyroid hormone medication for a period of time to allow the thyroid tissue to fully absorb iodine-131.
Radioactive iodine intake: Patients take radioactive iodine-131 orally or intravenously, with an adult dose of approximately 3.7 GBq and a child dose calculated based on body weight. After radioactive iodine-131 is taken up by thyroid tissue, internal irradiation therapy is performed on the thyroid gland.
Isolation: Due to the radioactive nature of iodine-131, patients need to be isolated for 1-3 days after treatment to avoid radiation damage caused by radioactive iodine to others.
Observation and follow-up: After treatment, patients need to undergo regular thyroid function tests at the hospital to evaluate the treatment effect. The doctor adjusts the dosage of thyroid hormone replacement therapy based on the examination results to maintain normal thyroid function.
According to data from a tertiary hospital, the 5-year survival rate of thyroid cancer patients has increased to 92% after treatment with ¹³ ¹ I.
2. Iodine supplements
Iodine is a key raw material for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the human thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid enlargement (endemic goiter) and delayed intellectual development. Sodium iodide, as an iodine supplement, is mainly used for the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency. Since the 1990s, China has implemented the policy of iodizing salt, adding sodium iodide to every ton of salt, which has reduced the incidence of goiter in iodine deficient areas from 30% to less than 3%.
Contrast agent
Sodium iodide contains high atomic number iodine, which can enhance X-ray contrast and is suitable for various imaging examinations.
Cystography: During retrograde cystography, 150-200ml of 6-12.5% sodium iodide solution is injected through a catheter to fill the bladder and then imaged. It is of great value for studying bladder morphology, volume, and urinary function, as well as for researching female urethra and stress urinary incontinence.
Biliary angiography: After surgery, 20-60ml of 12.5% sodium iodide solution is injected through a T-tube to visualize the biliary structure and assist in the diagnosis of biliary obstruction.
Compound preparation: To reduce the stimulation of iodine ion precipitation on tissues and organs, an appropriate amount of arabic gum is often added to the sodium iodide preparation to prepare a compound sodium iodide solution. Clinical data shows that after using compound sodium iodide solution, the patient's pain score decreased from 7.2 to 3.1 (VAS score).
Drug synthesis
1. Antibiotic raw materials
Sodium iodide is involved in the synthesis of cefixime side chains, with a yield of up to 85%.
2. Anti inflammatory drug injection
A compound preparation of sodium iodide and sodium salicylate is used to treat acute gouty arthritis, with an effective rate of 88%. This injection has anti-inflammatory, anti rheumatic, and antipyretic analgesic effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
Ophthalmic disease treatment
Sodium iodide, like potassium iodide, has absorption and coagulation properties and can be used to treat eye diseases such as optic neuritis and vitreous opacity, but its effect is weaker than potassium iodide. For vitreous opacity, sodium iodide can promote its absorption and dissipation, but the effectiveness of drug treatment varies from person to person, and some patients require long-term medication.
Respiratory and renal diseases
Sodium iodide is used as a expectorant and diuretic in medicine, which helps to treat respiratory and kidney diseases. The mechanism of its expectorant effect is not yet clear, but it has been widely used in the treatment of related diseases in clinical practice.
Application of nuclear medicine
1. Thyroid imaging
Radioactive sodium iodide (such as ¹³ ¹ I-NaI) is used for thyroid imaging to evaluate thyroid function and structural abnormalities. By orally administering low-dose iodine-131 and using SPECT instruments to display the uptake and absorption of drugs throughout the body, it is possible to identify any abnormal uptake lesions and their locations.
2. Radiation therapy
Radioactive sodium iodide powder is used to treat thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism. Differentiated thyroid cancer (including papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma) partially retains the function of iodine uptake similar to normal thyroid tissue. After taking iodine-131, the thyroid tissue absorbs iodine, and the beta rays released during decay effectively kill residual thyroid tissue and tumor lesions.
3. Treatment mode
Clear thyroid tissue: Remove residual thyroid tissue after surgery to improve the sensitivity of iodine-131 whole-body imaging in diagnosing differentiated thyroid cancer metastases.
Adjuvant therapy: Clearing hidden and potential differentiated thyroid cancer lesions to improve disease-free survival rate.
Clearing lesions treatment: Treating locally or remotely metastatic lesions known to exist after surgery that cannot be surgically removed, improving the disease-specific survival rate and disease-free survival rate of thyroid cancer.
Iodine-131 therapy cannot replace surgical treatment and postoperative TSH suppression therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer, and is usually used as an adjuvant therapy after surgery. Patients generally only need 1-2 treatments to recover, and a few patients require multiple treatments.
The main production methods of sodium iodide are:
Method 1: Iron chip reduction method
Take 100% to 103% caustic soda, dilute and heat it with water, then add a certain amount of iodine in portions while stirring for reaction. Cool the reaction solution to below 30 ℃, and add twice the theoretical amount of iron filings to reduce sodium iodate to sodium iodide; Repeat the reaction, then heat, cool, filter, evaporate, crystallize, and dry to obtain the finished product.
Method 2: Triiron Octaiodide Method
According to the mass ratio of iodine: iron filings=3.3:1, the washed iron filings are first added to the reactor, followed by water. The amount of water added is 7:1 to the mass ratio of iron filings, and then iodine tablets are added in batches for reaction to produce triiron octaiodide; Then slowly add triiron octaiodide to the sodium bicarbonate solution for reaction, and finally obtain the finished product through evaporation, filtration, crystallization, separation, and drying.
Method 3: Dilution and Iodization
Dilute the reagent sodium hydroxide with water to a 10% solution, heat it to 70-80 ℃, and add solid iodine in small portions while stirring for reaction
Stop adding iodine when the solution is weakly alkaline to phenolphthalein. Incubate at a reaction temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 1 hour to obtain a brown reaction solution, with a pH of 6-7 at the end of the reaction and no solid iodine. But white sodium iodate crystals precipitate. Cool the reaction solution to 10-20 ℃, add twice the theoretical amount of iron filings or iron bars, and stir to reduce sodium iodate to sodium iodide powder Wait for the reaction to ease, heat and boil, continue stirring the reaction for 1-2 hours, check for complete reduction with sulfuric acid, add sodium hydroxide solution to pH=8, continue boiling for 0.5 hours, add an appropriate amount of hydrogen sulfide solution according to the heavy metal content, wait for the precipitation to no longer precipitate, cool and settle for filtration. The filtrate is heated and evaporated to form a crystalline film, cooled and crystallized, centrifuged and dried, and finally dried at 70-90 ℃ to obtain sodium iodide dihydrate. To obtain anhydrous material, after evaporation and concentration, the temperature should be maintained above 40 ℃, crystals should precipitate, and then filtered and dried while hot.
Adverse reactions
Sodium iodide (NaI) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaI and a molecular weight of 149.89. It typically exists in the form of a white crystalline powder and is easily soluble in water and ethanol. As an iodine containing compound, sodium iodide has a wide range of applications in medical, industrial, and scientific fields, especially playing an important role in thyroid function assessment, contrast agents, and chemical analysis.
Renal toxicity
Sodium iodide is excreted through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. High concentrations of iodine ions can directly damage renal tubular epithelial cells, leading to cell necrosis and tubular formation; Meanwhile, sodium iodide induced vasoconstriction and renal medullary ischemia further exacerbate renal injury. Elevated blood creatinine, oliguria or anuria, electrolyte imbalance (such as hyperkalemia). Renal insufficiency, dehydration, diabetes nephropathy, and simultaneous use of nephrotoxic drugs (such as NSAIDs, aminoglycosides). Long term exposure to sodium iodide may accelerate renal fibrosis through oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Animal experiments have shown that a high iodine diet can upregulate the expression of TGF - β 1 in renal tissue and promote collagen deposition.
Cardiovascular system response
Sodium iodide injection can cause transient blood pressure drop and heart rate slowdown, which may be related to vasodilation and vagus nerve reflex. High risk groups: elderly people, patients with low blood volume, and individuals with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. CIN patients often have complications such as heart failure and arrhythmia, which may be related to the activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and electrolyte imbalances (such as hypocalcemia) caused by sodium iodide.
Digestive system reactions
Oral administration of sodium iodide powder may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, especially when consumed at high doses or rapidly. The mechanism may be related to the direct stimulation of gastric mucosa by iodine ions and the acceleration of intestinal peristalsis. Sodium iodide accumulates in the salivary glands, which may cause swelling, pain, and increased secretion. It usually appears within 24-48 hours after medication and lasts for several days to a week.
Neurological response
Sodium iodide injection may cause transient headaches (with an incidence rate of about 5% -10%), which may be related to vasodilation or changes in blood-brain barrier permeability. In rare cases, sodium iodide can cross the blood-brain barrier, causing brain edema, epileptic seizures, and consciousness disorders, especially in patients with renal insufficiency, with increased risk.
Skin and mucosal reactions
Long term ingestion of sodium iodide tablets or powders may cause pain and ulcers in the oral mucosa and tongue, which are related to the corrosiveness of iodine ions and local dysbiosis. Sodium iodide may induce abnormal keratinization of hair follicles and increased sebum secretion, leading to inflammatory papules and pustules on the face, chest, and back, which usually resolve on their own after discontinuation of medication.
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