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Red phosphorus powder,a purple red or slightly brown amorphous powder with a metallic luster on some parts, odorless and non-toxic. Phosphorus can be divided into yellow phosphorus and red phosphorus. Yellow phosphorus (also known as white phosphorus) is used in pesticide production as a starting material for the preparation of intermediates for whole phosphorus pesticides. It reacts with sulfur to obtain phosphorus pentasulfide, reacts with chlorine to obtain phosphorus trichloride, and thus obtains a series of other phosphorus containing intermediates. The density of red phosphorus is 2.34g/cm3. It sublimates when heated, but can melt when heated to 590 ℃ under a pressure of 4300KPa. When sublimating, heat should be absorbed. Also known as vacuum sublimation, because sublimation is related to the relative magnitude of solid vapor pressure and external pressure, reducing external pressure can lower the sublimation temperature. Substances that cannot sublime or sublime very slowly under normal pressure can be sublimated using vacuum sublimation.
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Hypophosphorous Acid CAS 6303-21-5 |
Iodine Balls CAS 12190-71-5 |
Red Phosphorus CAS 7723-14-0 |
Vacuum sublimation can also prevent the sublimated substance from decomposing due to high temperature or being oxidized during the sublimation process. Magnesium, samarium, titanium trichloride, benzoic acid, saccharin, etc. can all be purified using this method. Compared with white phosphorus, it has a higher ignition point and is less prone to spontaneous combustion. Difficult to dissolve in water and carbon dioxide, insoluble in ether, amine, etc., slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol. Red phosphorus can be used to prepare semiconductor compounds and as a dopant in semiconductor materials. Can be used for flame retardant polyolefins, polystyrene, polyester, nylon, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene, epoxy resin, unsaturated resin, rubber, textiles, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
C4H12O7Pb |
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Exact Mass |
380 |
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Molecular Weight |
379 |
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m/z |
380 (100.0%), 378 (46.0%), 379 (42.2%), 381 (4.3%), 376 (2.7%), 379 (2.0%), 380 (1.8%), 382 (1.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 12.67; H, 3.19; O, 29.52; Pb, 54.62 |
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1. Used in the manufacturing of matches and pesticides, as well as in organic synthesis.
2. Red phosphorus powder is divided into yellow phosphorus and phosphorus red powder. In the production of pesticides, yellow phosphorus is used, also known as white phosphorus. It is the starting material for the preparation of all phosphorus containing pesticide intermediates. It reacts with sulfur to obtain phosphorus pentasulfide, and reacts with chlorine to obtain phosphorus trichloride. In addition, yellow phosphorus is mainly used for the production of phosphoric acid, and a small amount is used for the production of red phosphorus and phosphorus pentoxide. In military use, it is also used for the production of combustion bombs, signal bombs, etc The industries such as ferrophosphate alloy and organic raw materials in the pharmaceutical industry are facing challenges
3. Used for preparing semiconductor compounds and as dopants for semiconductor materials. It can be used for flame retardant polyolefins, polystyrene, polyester, nylon, polycarbonate, polyformaldehyde, epoxy resin, unsaturated resin, rubber, textiles, etc. The flame retardancy of oxygen-containing polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and phenolic resin is particularly effective. Compared with other phosphorus based flame retardants, red phosphorus of the same quality can produce more phosphoric acid.
Phosphoric acid can cover the surface of flame-retardant materials and accelerate dehydration and carbonization on the material surface, forming a liquid film and carbon layer that can separate the external oxygen volatile combustibles and heat from the internal polymer matrix and interrupt combustion. Due to the small amount of red phosphorus used to meet the same flame retardant requirements, as well as its high melting point and poor solubility, certain physical properties of polymers flame-retarded with red phosphorus are better than those of similar polymers made with general flame retardants. The combination of red phosphorus and halogenated flame retardants can improve flame retardancy efficiency
4. Used for making fireworks. And aluminum phosphide, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus trichloride, etc. are raw materials for the production of organic phosphorus pesticides. The metallurgical industry is used to manufacture phosphorus bronze sheets, as well as for deacidification of light metals and pharmaceuticals.
5. Production Electronics Industry
Red phosphorus powder can be used to produce electronic materials such as positive electrode materials, fluorescent powder, luminescent materials, electric paper, electrochromic materials, etc. for batteries. These materials are widely used in electronic products such as flat panel televisions, computers, and mobile phones.
6. Chemical Industry
Phosphorus red can be used to produce fireproof materials, inorganic chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceutical intermediates, etc. Among them, fireproof materials and inorganic chemicals are important application fields. Through the redox reaction of red phosphorus, fatty acid methyl esters can be converted into conjugated dienones, resulting in the production of high-purity aromatic polymers such as polycarbonate and polystyrene.
7. Arms Industry
The chemical properties of red phosphorus make it widely used in the military industry, such as preparing self igniting smoke bombs, incendiary bombs, rocket fuels, etc. At the same time, strict safety measures need to be taken during the processing to prevent accidents from occurring.
8. Building materials industry
Red phosphorus can also be used as an additive in building materials to improve their fire resistance performance. Mixing red phosphorus into concrete can enhance its fire resistance and prevent the occurrence of fire accidents.
9. Agriculture
Red phosphorus has an important impact on plant growth. It is one of the components of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in plants and has a positive effect on promoting plant metabolism. At the same time, red phosphorus can also be used as a raw material for pesticides, with good control effects on diseases, pests, weeds, etc.
Red Phosphorus powder, also known as red phosphorus (Phosphourus), is more stable than yellow phosphorus and does not emit phosphorescence in the dark. Red phosphorus can only interact with other substances at high temperatures, at 290°C. When C is distilled off, it becomes yellow phosphorus. It does not spontaneously ignite in air. It will catch fire when heated to about 200°C and burn to form phosphorus pentoxide. It will also burn when heated in chlorine gas and encounter KCl0. , KMnO. Peroxides and other oxidizing agents are explosive. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to the surrounding environment and safety when synthesizing this substance in the laboratory. There are several laboratory synthesis methods for red phosphorus pairs, which are for reference only.
Method 1: Direct distillation method
Put 5 kg of 99% industrial phosphorus into a 10 L distillation flask, move it to a sand bath, install a fractionator, connect the condenser tube, heat it with a sealed electric furnace, and use a voltage regulating transformer to control the temperature and raise the temperature. Be slow. When all the phosphorus is melted into liquid, increase the temperature to 300°C and start distillation. Operation should be performed in a fume hood. First, put 200 mL of the initial distillate separately as the next raw material; 4 kg of the middle distillate as the intermediate product (semi-finished product); and 800 mL of the residual liquid. , can be used as raw materials, but can only be reused three times, otherwise the product quality will be affected. The above operation is the first distillation.
Distill the 4 kg of semi-finished product obtained above by repeating the same operation exactly once. After two distillations, approximately 3 kg of phosphorus will be obtained. After chemical and instrumental analysis, the purity reached 99.999%. Since the storage and storage of white phosphorus is not as safe as red phosphorus, white phosphorus must be converted into red phosphorus. The operation method is as follows:
Put 3 kg of high-purity phosphorus into a hard glass tube, move it to a tubular electric furnace, heat it under nitrogen, control the temperature at 300-350 OC, keep it for several hours, and then cool it to obtain high-purity red phosphorus.
Method 2: Phosphorus trichloride reduction method
Since the vapor pressures of arsenic trichloride and phosphorus trichloride are close, appropriate separation conditions and distillation equipment must be selected during separation. The balancer used is a packed or glass distillation column, diameter. 20 mm, the filling is glass balls with a diameter of 3-4 mm, and the filling height is 750 mm. The fractionating head uses a timing relay to control the opening and closing of the electromagnetic switch. The distillation outlet at the upper part of the packing layer is equipped with a flow metering device. The distillation column is insulated with a vacuum jacket, and the inner wall of the jacket is silver-plated. The distillation flask at the bottom of the distillation column has a capacity of 1000 mL: it is heated by an electric furnace.
The distillation and purification of phosphorus trichloride is carried out in the above-mentioned packed distillation column, using analytically pure reagents as raw materials. The distillate is collected in three parts. According to PCI. AsCl. The following ratios are selected for the actual separation capacity of the system and the impurity content in the raw materials:
The first part takes 15% of the total distillate,
The second part takes 60% of the total distillate,
The remaining residual liquid in the third part is 25% of the total distillate. The distillation rate is 0.17·mL/min. The reflux ratio is 1 to 28.
For each distillation, add 750 mL of the feed liquid into the distillation bottle, heat to boiling, then reduce the heating current to maintain the maximum reflux flow, and start distillation at the specified speed after full reflux for 2 hours. If necessary, the phosphorus trichloride obtained for the first time is rectified again.
The hydrogen reduction of phosphorus trichloride is carried out in a vertically placed transparent quartz tube. The diameter of the quartz tube is 25 mm, and the outside is heated by a resistance furnace. The heating is divided into upper and lower sections, each of which is 350 mm long. The hydrogen in the cylinder is purified by pyrogallic acid-platinum asbestos (400℃)-solid potassium hydroxide. The purified hydrogen enters the reaction tube through the flow meter in two ways: one way leads to the phosphorus trichloride storage container to bring the phosphorus trichloride gas into the reaction tube; the other way directly enters the reaction tube. Before starting the operation, hydrogen is introduced to purge the air in the system, and then the reaction tube is heated to the required temperature, and a mixed gas of phosphorus trichloride and hydrogen is introduced. The reaction waste gas is discharged through a bubbler. The generated phosphorus drips into the collector along the tube wall, and part of the uncondensed phosphorus vapor condenses when the exhaust gas passes through the collector. When phosphorus drips along the tube wall, a small amount is converted into red phosphorus at the end of the reaction tube and adheres to the tube wall.
Reduction is the second part of the primary distillation, which is performed at 400°C (upper and lower sections are both 400°C), 600°C (upper and lower sections are both 600°C), and 800°C (upper end is 800°C, lower section is 500°C). Perform hydrogen reduction. At 400°C, it can be observed that the reaction is proceeding, but at a very slow speed, with only a thin layer of sediment precipitating at the end of the reaction tube. At 600°C, the reaction speed is still relatively slow and not much product is obtained. At 800℃, when H. /PCI. When the molecular ratio is 3.5, the precipitation rate of phosphorus is 3 to 4 g/h. The recovery rate is 95%.
In order to facilitate storage or meet the needs of use, the obtained white phosphorus can be converted into red phosphorus. As long as the white phosphorus is transferred to another glass tube, sealed under vacuum and gradually heated to 300-350°C, it will be completely converted into Red Phosphorus powder in about a week.
1. Red Phosphorus powder VS White Phosphorus powder
Red
- A powdery substance that appears red or dark red in color.
- Good stability and less prone to spontaneous combustion.
- The melting point is relatively high, at 590 ℃.
- The ignition point is relatively high and not easy to ignite.
White
- At room temperature, it appears as a yellow white solid with a garlic odor.
- It is the most active molecule in the phosphorus family, with extremely strong spontaneous combustion and a ignition point of only 40 ℃.
- The combustion temperature is very high, usually between 2500 ℃ and 3000 ℃.
2.Chemical property
Red
- Difficult to dissolve in water and carbon dioxide, insoluble in ether, ammonia, etc., slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol.
- Stable in air, but when heated to 400 ℃, it will burn violently and generate phosphorus pentoxide.
- Can undergo chemical reactions with many elements and compounds, such as halogens, metal oxides, etc.
White
- After contact with oxygen, it will spontaneously burn and produce bright flames between 30 ℃ and 40 ℃.
- During the combustion process, phosphorus oxide vapor is generated, which combines with water vapor in the air to form dense white smoke.
- The generated phosphoric acid and pyrophosphate can corrode the skin, especially pyrophosphate can cause tissue burns and ulcers.
3.Purpose
Red
- Mainly used for producing matches, flame retardants, chemical reagents, etc.
- Used in pesticide manufacturing for the production of aluminum phosphide, zinc phosphide, etc.
- Used as a raw material or catalyst in organic synthesis.
White
- Due to its flammability, it is used for military purposes such as making white phosphorus bombs (but it should be noted that the use of white phosphorus bombs is subject to international conventions).
- In the laboratory, white phosphorus is also commonly used in chemical reactions and the preparation of other phosphorus compounds.
4.Safety
Red
- Relatively stable, not prone to spontaneous combustion, but may ignite under high temperature or friction conditions.
- During storage and transportation, attention should be paid to fire prevention and moisture prevention.
White
- Extremely prone to spontaneous combustion, special care should be taken during storage and transportation.
- Contact with the human body can cause skin corrosion and burns, and inhaling the smoke produced by its combustion can cause irritation and damage to the respiratory system.
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