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Sodium dodecyl aulfate powder, with the molecular formula C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na and CAS number 151-21-3, is a common organic compound. It appears as white or pale yellow fine powder, featuring good water solubility, partial solubility in ethanol, and nearly no solubility in chloroform, diethyl ether and petroleum ether. This substance maintains stable properties in alkaline environments and hard water. As a typical anionic surfactant, it delivers prominent detergency, emulsifying capacity and outstanding foaming performance. It carries slight toxicity to human bodies, while its biodegradability exceeds 90%. Boasting excellent emulsification, foaming ability and water solubility, it also features strong alkali resistance, hard water tolerance and stable activity across a broad pH range in aqueous solutions.
Besides, it benefits from simple synthesis techniques and competitive cost. Owing to the above superior traits, it has gained extensive applications in cosmetics, daily detergents, textiles, papermaking, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, building materials and petrochemical industries. Moreover, it is frequently adopted for fundamental academic research, covering composite systems of anionic and cationic surfactants, micellar catalysis and ordered molecular assembly.
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Chemical Formula |
C12H25NaO4S |
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Exact Mass |
288 |
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Molecular Weight |
288 |
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m/z |
288 (100.0%), 289 (13.0%), 290 (4.5%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 49.98; H, 8.74; Na, 7.97; O, 22.19; S, 11.12 |
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate powder(SDS), also known as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate K12, It is a white or light yellow slightly viscous powder, belonging to anionic surfactants. Its molecular structure contains hydrophobic dodecyl chains and hydrophilic sulfate groups, which give it core functions such as emulsification, foaming, permeation, decontamination, and dispersion. As one of the most widely used surfactants in the industrial field, SDS has penetrated into more than 20 industries such as daily chemical, textile, food, medicine, energy, and environmental protection, becoming an indispensable basic raw material for modern industry.
1. Cleaning product system
SDS is a fundamental component in the detergent industry, accounting for 10% -20% of laundry detergent, dishwashing detergent, and dishwashing detergent. Its decontamination mechanism is achieved through micellar action: hydrophobic alkyl chains adsorb oil stains, hydrophilic sulfate groups combine with water to form micelle structures with a diameter of 5-10 nanometers, dispersing oil droplets in water. The emulsification efficiency of SDS for sebum and protein stains is more than three times higher than that of traditional soap bases. In the formula of dishwashing detergent, the combination with sodium citrate can increase the emulsification efficiency of tableware oil by 40%, and the residual amount is less than 0.01ppm.
3. Special cleaning scenarios
The hard water resistance of SDS (tolerance to 500ppm mineralization) makes it outstanding in industrial cleaning:
Metal degreasing: In the cleaning of automotive parts, 0.5% -1% SDS solution can quickly remove oil stains, and the cleaning efficiency is 50% higher than traditional solvents.Equipment cleaning: In the cleaning of petrochemical pipelines, the alkaline emulsion system formed by the combination of SDS and sodium hydroxide can remove more than 95% of heavy oil scale.
2. Personal care products
In the field of cosmetics, SDS plays multiple roles:
Foaming agent: the concentration of shampoo and shower gel is controlled at 1% -5%, which can produce dense foam with a diameter of 0.1-0.5mm, improving the use experience.
The addition of SDS at a concentration ranging from 0.5% to 2% into toothpaste plays multiple practical roles. It helps thoroughly eliminate dental plaque and evenly disperse functional components like fluoride throughout the formulation.
As a key cleansing ingredient in facial cleansers, SDS lowers the surface tension to 25–30 mN/m, which efficiently strips away excess sebum and daily grime on the skin surface. When formulated together with glycerin, it can effectively relieve skin tightness and dryness caused by cleansing.
In various skincare products, SDS also acts as a functional auxiliary to facilitate the transdermal delivery of active substances including vitamin C and hyaluronic acid. Relevant experimental results prove that it can raise the transdermal absorption rate of these nutrients by 25% to 30%.
The driving force behind the upgrading of the textile industry
1. Pre treatment process
SDS, as a bleaching and dyeing aid, can significantly improve the quality of textiles
Bleach Efficiency Enhancement: In the oxygen bleaching process of cotton fabrics, adding 1-2g/L SDS can increase whiteness by 8-10 degrees and reduce fiber damage.
Dyeing uniformity: In carpet dyeing, the permeability of SDS ensures uniform adsorption of dye molecules, and the color difference Δ E value is controlled within 1.5.
2. Post-processing Application Technologies
SDS serves as an important functional auxiliary and occupies a pivotal position in textile and leather post-finishing processes. Wool cleaning Aqueous solution containing 0.5% to 1% SDS can effectively clear away dirt and impurities trapped inside wool scale layers.
During the cleaning process, it well preserves the inherent strength of wool fibers, and meanwhile cuts the fabric shrinkage rate by 30%. Leather softening treatment In the leather retanning procedure, when SDS is used together with chrome tanning agents, the compound system can remarkably enhance the soft texture of finished leather.
Meanwhile, it raises the leather's bending fatigue resistance, with the bending cycle count improved by 40%.
Compliance application in the food industry
The application of SDS as a food processing auxiliary is subject to stringent dosage restrictions across different food categories.
Baked goods For cakes, the maximum permitted dosage of SDS is set at 0.5 g/kg. Within this range, it can enhance the emulsion stability of cake batter and boost the volume expansion rate of finished products by 15% to 20%.
Beverage industry When added to fruit juice drinks at a dosage of 0.1–0.3 g/kg, SDS can effectively inhibit pulp sedimentation. This function helps maintain uniform texture and prolong the product shelf life by 30%.
Edible oil processing During the refining of vegetable oils, SDS acts as an efficient demulsifier. It is capable of removing over 90% of phospholipid impurities, which markedly elevates the clarity and appearance of the final edible oil.
1. Pharmaceutical formulation technology
SDS demonstrates multiple values in drug development:
Solubilization effect: By forming a micelle structure, SDS can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs (such as aspirin) by 100-1000 times and accelerate the dissolution rate by 50%.
Transdermal absorption: In amlodipine gel, SDS and propylene glycol work together to improve the transdermal absorption efficiency by 50% and the bioavailability by 65%.
Emulsion stability: As the core emulsifier of O/W emulsion, the combination of SDS and glycerol monostearate can optimize the particle size distribution (D50=2.5 μ m) of progesterone cream and increase viscosity stability by 30%.
2. Bioanalytical technology
SDS is irreplaceable in protein research:
SDS-PAGE electrophoresis: 1-2% SDS can denature proteins and uniformly carry negative charges, with a separation accuracy of one thousandth of the molecular weight difference, making it a fundamental tool for proteomics research.
1. Innovation in energy extraction-SDS achieves technological upgrading in the petroleum industry:Oil recovery emulsifier: In tertiary oil recovery, SDS can form a stable emulsion, increasing recovery rate by 8% -12% and daily production per well by 3-5 tons.Mine fire extinguishing: as the core component of foaming agent, SDS based foam liquid can cover the fire source within 30 seconds, and its oxygen isolation efficiency is 40% higher than that of traditional foam, which is suitable for fire extinguishing in confined spaces such as coal mines.
2. Environmental technology innovation-Sodium dodecyl aulfate powder demonstrates new value in pollution control:Wastewater treatment: Modified zeolite adsorbent (SMZ) combined with SDS achieved a removal rate of 53.1% for hydrate inhibitor (KHI), providing an economic solution for high salt wastewater treatment.
Soil remediation: The combination of SDS and EDTA can activate heavy metals in soil, increasing chelation efficiency by 25% compared to a single reagent and shortening the remediation period by 40%.
3. Preparation of new materials
SDS plays a crucial role in the synthesis of nanomaterials:
Graphene dispersion: As a dispersant, it can improve the uniformity of graphene conductive coatings and reduce the square resistance to below 50 Ω/□.
Quantum dot synthesis: The SDS controlled microreaction environment can reduce the particle size distribution width (PDI) of CdSe quantum dots to below 0.1, and increase the fluorescence quantum yield to 80%.
1. Agricultural technology
SDS achieves increased efficiency in pesticide formulations:
Spray coverage: As an additive, it can reduce the surface tension of the pesticide solution to 22mN/m, reduce the contact angle of the pesticide on the leaf surface to below 15 °, and increase coverage by 35%.
Slow release technology: The microcapsule structure formed by the combination of SDS and chitosan can extend the pesticide release cycle to 30 days and increase the duration of efficacy by three times.
2. 3D printing materials
SDS improves printing performance in photopolymerization resin.
Surface Flatness:Incorporating SDS at a concentration of 0.5% to 1% into photopolymerization resin can lower its surface tension to 28 mN/m. This optimization effectively smooths the forming surface and keeps the depth deviation of printed layer patterns below 0.02 mm, delivering superior flatness for printed products.
Put 9.5mL of glacial acetic acid into a dry reaction bottle in a fume hood, fully cool in an ice bath, add 3.5mL (0.053mol) of chlorosulfonic acid, and mix well.
Slowly add 8g (0.043mol) of dodecanol in liquid form or in the form of very fine solid powder to cold acetic acid and chlorosulfonic acid in 5 minutes, and stir for 30 minutes until all the alcohol is dissolved and participates in the reaction. If the alcohol was not completely dissolved, the reaction bottle was taken out from the ice bath, and stirred at room temperature for 10 min.
Pour the reaction material into a beaker filled with 30g of crushed ice, add 30mL of n-butanol to the above mixture, and stir for 3min.
Slowly add 3mL saturated sodium carbonate aqueous solution under stirring, the solution is alkaline to litmus paper. When the reaction is alkaline, add 10 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate and let stand.
Pour the upper n-butanol solution from the surface of the water layer into a beaker. Add 20 mL of n-butanol to the water layer, stir well, and separate the n-butanol layer. The n-butanol obtained twice was combined, poured into a separatory funnel to separate the layers, and the water layer was separated. Pour the n-butanol solution into a beaker and evaporate the n-butanol to obtain a white residue which is sodium dodecyl aulfate powder.
Sulfur trioxide method: The reaction device is a vertical reactor. Nitrogen was introduced into the reactor at 32°C through the gas sparge. The nitrogen flow rate is 85.9 L/min. Lauryl alcohol was introduced at 82.7kPa with a flow rate of 58g/min. The liquid sulfur trioxide is passed into the flasher at 124.1 kPa, the flash temperature is maintained at 100°C, and the flow rate of sulfur trioxide is controlled at 0.9072kg/h. Then the sulfated product is rapidly cooled to 50°C, put into the aging device, and left for 10-20 minutes. Finally, put it into the neutralization kettle and neutralize it with alkali.
The neutralization temperature is controlled at 50°C, and the liquid product is obtained when the pH value reaches 7-8.5. Spray drying to obtain a solid product.Add 62g of lauryl alcohol into a 250mL four-neck flask equipped with a hydrogen chloride absorption device, a thermometer, an electric stirrer and a dropping funnel, and control the temperature at 25°C. Slowly add 24mL of chlorine through the dropping funnel within 30min under full stirring. For sulfonic acid, the temperature should not exceed 30°C when adding dropwise, pay attention to foaming and prevent the material from overflowing.
After adding chlorosulfonic acid, react at 30°C for 2 hours, and absorb the hydrogen chloride gas generated during the reaction with 5% sodium hydroxide solution. After the sulfation is completed, slowly pour the sulfate into a mixture containing 100g of ice and water (ice: water = 2: 1), while fully stirring, and cool the outside with an ice-water bath. Finally, all the reactants in the four-necked flask were washed out with a small amount of water. After uniform dilution, 30% mass fraction of sodium dodecyl aulfate powder was added dropwise with stirring to neutralize to pH 7-8.5. Then extract with n-butanol and evaporate the n-butanol.
FAQ
FAQ 1：What is Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and its core mechanism?
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a common anionic surfactant composed of hydrophobic alkyl chains and hydrophilic sulfate groups. It can reduce water surface tension, form micelles in aqueous solution, and effectively emulsify and disperse oily substances. In biochemistry, SDS uniformly denatures proteins and provides consistent negative charges, enabling protein separation by molecular weight in electrophoresis experiments.
FAQ 2：What are the main applications of SDS?
SDS is widely used in biochemical experiments, daily chemicals and industrial fields. It is the key reagent for SDS-PAGE protein electrophoresis. In daily products, it acts as a decontamination and foaming agent in detergents and shampoos. Industrially, it serves as emulsifier, dispersant and wetting agent for textile and paper processing.
FAQ 3：What are the safety characteristics and handling notes of SDS?
SDS has mild irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Long-term contact may cause skin dryness and inflammation. Powder inhalation may cause airway discomfort. Laboratory operation requires gloves and eye protection. It should be stored away from high temperature and strong oxidants to avoid decomposition and potential safety risks.
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