Aviptadil is a drug with the chemical name N-[2-(aminoethyl)-1-methylethyl]-N-(2-chloroethyl) urea acetate. It is a type of vasodilator and is a pure white or almost white powder. Molecular formula C147H238N44O42S, CAS 40077-57-4. It has low solubility in water, but can dissolve well in organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol. In addition, its solubility in hot water is higher than that in cold water. It has a certain degree of conductivity due to the presence of ionizable groups in its molecular structure. It does not have a special odor, but its solution may have a special odor due to additives or other components. Generally speaking, due to the presence of multiple polar groups in the structure of atepidil acetate, it may undergo phase transition or sublimation at certain temperatures and pressures. It is mainly used in cosmetics, soap, perfume and other products to bring pleasant fragrance to the products.
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Customized Bottle Caps And Corks:
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Chemical Formula |
C147H238N44O42S |
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Exact Mass |
3324 |
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Molecular Weight |
3326 |
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m/z |
3325 (100.0%), 3324 (62.9%), 3326 (52.1%), 3327 (41.3%), 3326 (26.9%), 3326 (15.1%), 3325 (9.5%), 3328 (9.4%), 3327 (8.6%), 3327 (7.9%), 3328 (6.7%), 3326 (5.4%), 3328 (5.4%), 3327 (4.7%), 3327 (4.5%), 3328 (4.5%), 3329 (3.6%), 3329 (3.1%), 3326 (2.8%), 3326 (2.7%), 3328 (2.4%), 3328 (2.3%), 3327 (2.2%), 3329 (1.9%), 3325 (1.7%), 3326 (1.6%), 3329 (1.5%), 3329 (1.5%), 3328 (1.3%), 3328 (1.3%), 3328 (1.2%), 3329 (1.1%), 3327 (1.1%), 3326 (1.1%), 3325 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 53.09; H, 7.21; N, 18.53; O, 20.20; S, 0.96 |
Aviptadil has many other uses besides being used as a component of spice and essence.
1. Medical field
(1) Vasodilator: It is a type of vasodilator that can dilate vascular smooth muscle and lower blood pressure. In the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, it is often used as an adjunct drug in combination with other antihypertensive drugs to enhance the antihypertensive effect.
(2) Intestinal secretion enhancer: can promote the secretion of intestinal fluid, help improve constipation and intestinal function. In some constipation treatments, it is used as an adjuvant drug to promote intestinal peristalsis and defecation.
(3) Gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction inhibitor: It has an inhibitory effect on the contraction of digestive smooth muscle and helps alleviate gastrointestinal spasms and pain. In the treatment of certain gastrointestinal diseases, it is used as an adjuvant drug to alleviate pain and discomfort.
(4) Neuroendocrine modulators: They have a certain impact on the neuroendocrine system and can stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones such as prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones have various physiological effects in the human body, therefore they have certain application value in the treatment of neuroendocrine diseases.
(1) Vascular biology research: It has important value in vascular biology research. As a vasodilator, it can be used to study the physiological and pharmacological properties of vascular smooth muscle, as well as to explore the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of cardiovascular diseases.
(2) Neuroendocrine research: The impact on the neuroendocrine system makes it valuable for application in neuroendocrine research. Studying the regulatory effect of acetaminophen on hormone release can help to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment methods of neuroendocrine diseases.
(3) Pharmacological research: As an active ingredient in drugs, it has important value in pharmacological research. Studying the pharmacological mechanism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of atepidil acetate can help discover new drug targets and therapeutic strategies.
(1) Cosmetics and perfume manufacturing: With pleasant fragrance, it is used as spice and essence ingredient in cosmetics and perfume manufacturing. It can be added to personal care products such as skincare products, shampoo, shower gel, etc., providing a pleasant aroma and fragrance experience.
(2) Food additives: Their aroma and taste characteristics make them have certain application value in the food industry. Aviptadil can be added as a food additive to beverages, candies, pastries, and other foods to enhance their taste and flavor.
(3) Pharmaceutical industry: As an active ingredient in drugs, it has important application value in the pharmaceutical industry. It can be used to prepare drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and neuroendocrine diseases, providing patients with more effective treatment plans.
Mechanism of action and regulation of signaling pathways
1. Mechanism of anti-tumor action
The mechanism of action of acetic acid dipeptidyl in anti-tumor treatment is mainly related to its inhibitory effect on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K is a key enzyme involved in cellular signaling, and its abnormal activation is closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors. Adipidil acetate, as a small molecule inhibitor of PI3K, exhibits high selectivity and affinity towards the alpha subtype of PI3K.
By inhibiting the activity of PI3K, acetic acid dipeptidyl can block the transmission of downstream signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. This mechanism of action makes it possible to show potential therapeutic value in breast cancer, head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer and other tumor types.
Specifically, acetic acid dipeptidyl reduces the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of PI3K. This signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the growth, survival, and invasion of tumor cells. By inhibiting this signaling pathway, acetic acid dipeptidyl can suppress the proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells, thereby slowing down the growth and spread of tumors.
2. Vasodilation and the therapeutic mechanism of pulmonary diseases
In addition to its anti-tumor effect, acetic acid dipeptidyl also has a strong vasodilation effect and can be used to treat various lung diseases. Its vasodilatory effect is mainly achieved by inducing pulmonary vasodilation, inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and reducing platelet aggregation.
Adipidil acetate can simulate the vasodilation effect of VIP by activating VIP receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting the efflux of intracellular calcium ions, thereby reducing the tension of vascular smooth muscle and achieving vasodilation. This mechanism of action has shown potential application value in the treatment of diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2 with acetic acid dipeptidyl.
In the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, acetic acid dipeptidyl can improve the hemodynamics of pulmonary blood vessels, reduce the degree of scarring and fibrosis of lung tissue, and alleviate the symptoms of patients through its vasodilatory effect. In the treatment of PAH, acetic acid dipeptidyl dilates pulmonary blood vessels, reduces pulmonary artery pressure, and improves patients' respiratory function and exercise tolerance. In the treatment of respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2, acetanilide may alleviate lung inflammation and damage, and improve patients' respiratory function through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Synergistic effects with other drugs
Adipidil acetate not only has the value of being used alone in anti-tumor therapy, but can also be combined with other anti-tumor drugs to produce synergistic effects and improve treatment efficacy. This combination therapy strategy provides new ideas and methods for cancer treatment.
1. Synergistic effect with chemotherapy drugs
Adipidil acetate can be used in combination with traditional chemotherapy drugs to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting the proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells. For example, in the treatment of breast cancer, opipidil acetate can be used in combination with chemotherapy drugs such as fluoxetine to significantly extend the progression free survival (PFS) of patients. This synergistic effect may be achieved by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and reducing chemotherapy drug resistance.
2. Synergistic effect with targeted drugs
Adipidil acetate can also be used in combination with targeted drugs to achieve synergistic therapeutic effects by acting on different signaling pathways and targets. For example, in the treatment of head and neck cancer, acetic acid dipeptidyl can be used in combination with targeted drugs such as EGFR inhibitors to improve treatment efficacy by inhibiting the growth and invasion ability of tumor cells. This synergistic effect may be achieved by inhibiting the cross-talk between the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the EGFR signaling pathway.
3. Synergistic effect with immunotherapy
In recent years, immunotherapy has made significant progress in tumor treatment. Adipidil acetate can also be used in combination with immunotherapy drugs to improve treatment efficacy by regulating the tumor microenvironment and enhancing the activity of immune cells. For example, in the treatment of endometrial cancer, acetate dipeptidyl can be used in combination with immunotherapy drugs such as PD-1 inhibitors to improve treatment efficacy by inhibiting tumor cell immune escape and enhancing immune cell killing ability. This synergistic effect may be achieved by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating the activity and function of immune cells.
The process of using acylation reaction to react salicylic acid with acetic anhydride to obtain atepidil acetate can be divided into the following steps:
Salicylic acid undergoes acylation reaction with acetic anhydride to produce atepidil acetate. The specific chemical equation is:
C7H4O3+C4H6O2 → C11H12O5
Firstly, ensure that all necessary raw materials, reagents, and instruments for the reaction are ready. The required salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, catalyst, and solvent should meet the chemical purity standards. Prepare appropriate reaction containers to ensure they are clean and dry.
Dissolve salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in appropriate solvents. Usually, anhydrous ethanol or ether can be chosen as solvents, which help promote the progress of the reaction. Mix the dissolved salicylic acid and acetic anhydride solutions together, ensuring that the two solutions are thoroughly mixed.
Add an appropriate amount of catalyst to the mixed solution to promote the acylation reaction. Common catalysts include concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or hydrogen chloride. Select an appropriate amount of catalyst to add to the solution based on specific reaction conditions.
Under the action of a catalyst, salicylic acid and acetic anhydride begin to undergo acylation reaction. During the reaction process, aviptadil is necessary to control the temperature and reaction time to ensure the smooth progress of the reaction. Acylation reaction is a reversible reaction, and in order to promote the forward reaction, the water generated in the reaction can be timely removed. Common methods include using desiccants or performing fractionation operations.
After the reaction is completed, it is necessary to perform post-treatment and purification operations on the generated product. Usually, extraction is used to extract the product from the reaction solution. Suitable organic solvents can be used for extraction, and then the solvent can be recovered through distillation or other methods to obtain crude products. Furthermore, the crude product can be purified by methods such as recrystallization or column chromatography to obtain high-purity atepidil acetate.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does aviptadil treat?
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Aviptadil, a synthetic form of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), has been granted U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Fast Track Designation for treating critical COVID-19 with respiratory failure.
Is aviptadil used for ARDS?
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304 stainless steel meets the international requirements of food grade,316 stainless steel is not only food grade or medical grade. However,the use of this medical grade as a production cup will not bring additional benefits to everyone. Why is it called 304 or 316? This is mainly defined according to the material composition. 316 stainless steel is not similar to mineral materials,after use can release some substances to promote human absorption.
Is aviptadil an anti-inflammatory?
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The presumed primary therapeutic mechanism of action of inhaled aviptadil is a combination of anti-inflammatory properties and induction of tolerogenic immune response of immune cells localized in the lungs.
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