Calcitonin salmon is a white powder at room temperature, with a molecular formula of C145H240N42O38S, CAS 47931-85-1, and a molecular weight of approximately 3431.97. Extremely low solubility in water, while high solubility in acidic solutions is a peptide hormone, and its viscosity may be related to intermolecular interactions and molecular structure. Surface tension is the attraction between surface molecules when a substance comes into contact with a gas or liquid. For peptide hormones, their surface tension may be related to molecular polarity and solvent interactions. It has been widely used in the treatment of diseases such as osteoporosis and hypercalcemia, and its efficacy may vary among different individuals and disease states. It is a peptide hormone extracted from salmon, which has the functions of regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and is mainly used to treat diseases such as osteoporosis and hypercalcemia.
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Customized Bottle Caps And Corks:
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Chemical Formula |
C145H240N44O48S2 |
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Exact Mass |
3947 |
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Molecular Weight |
3949 |
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m/z |
3431 (100.0%), 3432 (77.9%), 3430 (63.8%), 3433 (40.1%), 3432 (16.3%), 3433 (12.3%), 3431 (10.4%), 3433 (9.9%), 3433 (9.0%), 3434 (8.8%), 3434 (7.7%), 3434 (7.0%), 3434 (6.6%), 3432 (6.3%), 3432 (5.8%), 3434 (5.0%), 3435 (3.2%), 3435 (3.0%), 3435 (3.0%), 3432 (2.8%), 3433 (2.1%), 3432 (1.8%), 3431 (1.8%), 3435 (1.7%), 3434 (1.6%), 3432 (1.6%), 3434 (1.5%), 3434 (1.5%), 3433 (1.4%), 3435 (1.3%), 3433 (1.3%), 3433 (1.2%), 3435 (1.2%), 3431 (1.2%), 3435 (1.2%), 3435 (1.1%), 3433 (1.0%), 3431 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 50.75; H, 7.05; N, 17.96; O, 22.38; S, 1.87 |
The method for synthesizing Calcitonin salmon in the laboratory involves peptide synthesis techniques, including steps such as amino acid condensation, deprotection, cleavage, and purification. Here is a detailed step for the possible synthesis of salmon calcitonin in the laboratory:
Amino acid condensation: Under the action of a condensation agent (such as DCC or EDC), the carboxyl group of an amino acid undergoes a condensation reaction with the amino group of its adjacent amino acid, forming a peptide bond. This can be represented by the following general equation:
(H2N-CH(R)-COOH+H2N-CH(R ')-COOH+X → H2N-CH(R)-CONH-CH(R')-COOH+XH)
Among them, (H2N-CH (R) - COOH) and (H2N-CH (R ') - COOH) are amino acids involved in the reaction, (X) is a condensation agent, and (XH) is a byproduct of the condensation agent.
Deprotection: The chemical equation for deprotection may vary depending on the protective group used. For example, if p-methoxyphenylpropionic acid is used as the protective group, the protective group can be removed by the following equation:
(H2N-CH(R)-COO-(C6H4)-OCH3+H → H2N-CH(R)-COOH+(C6H4)-OH)
Cutting: Cutting reagents (such as cyanide bromide or anhydride) react with solid-phase supports to cut peptide chains off the solid-phase support. This can be represented by the following general equation:
(H2N-CH(R)-CONH-CH(R ')-COOH+Y → H2N-CH(R)-CONH-CH(R')-COY+HX)
Among them, (Y) is the cutting reagent, and (HX) is a byproduct of the cutting reagent.
Purification: The purification process involves a variety of separation technologies, such as gel filtration, ion exchange and reverse phase chromatography. These technologies are mainly based on differences in molecular size, charge, and hydrophobicity to separate different components.
The specific chemical equation depends on the separation technique and conditions used.
1. Materials and reagents
Calcitonin salmon extract or other related materials
Amino acids, condensation agents, deprotection agents, cutting reagents, and purification reagents required for chemical synthesis
2. Experimental steps
(1) Treatment of salmon extract: Preliminary treatment of salmon extract, such as cleaning, crushing, centrifugation, etc., is carried out to obtain the desired tissue extract.
(2) Separation and purification: Use appropriate separation and purification techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, extraction, etc. to separate salmon calcitonin from tissue extracts.
(3) Amino acid condensation: Connecting the amino acids in salmon calcitonin in a specific order to form polypeptide chains. This step typically requires the use of a condensation agent, such as DCC (Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or EDC (1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide).
(4) Deprotection: During the condensation process, the side chains and carboxyl groups of amino acids often need protection to avoid the occurrence of side reactions. Therefore, after condensation is completed, it is necessary to remove these protective groups and restore the original structure of amino acids. The method of deprotection usually depends on the protective base used.
(5) Cutting: The synthesized peptide chain is cut off from the solid-phase support to obtain free peptides. This step typically uses cutting reagents such as cyanide bromide or anhydride.
(6) Purification: The synthetic salmon calcitonin is purified through appropriate purification technologies, such as gel filtration, ion exchange or reverse phase chromatography, to remove impurities and unreacted raw materials.
(7) Quality testing: Mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and other techniques are used to analyze the structure and purity of the synthesized salmon calcitonin, ensuring that it is consistent with the target molecule and achieves the required purity.
Freeze drying or spray drying: freeze drying or spray drying the purified salmon calcitonin to remove water and obtain dried samples.
(8) Packaging and storage: Package the dried salmon calcitonin in an appropriate container and store it in a dry, cool place.
The development history of Calcitonin salmon can be traced back to 1961, when Canadian physiologists Coop and others first discovered and described calcitonin. They found through experiments that calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that has the effect of reducing calcium content in the blood. This discovery laid the foundation for subsequent research and application of calcitonin.
Subsequently, Zondek and Ucko published similar research results in 1932, and they also discovered substances similar to calcitonin, but their paper did not receive widespread recognition and publication.
Until 1961, Copp et al. further confirmed the existence of calcitonin through experiments of high calcium blood flow perfusion in the thyroid and parathyroid glands of dogs, and named it calcium (CT). This discovery is widely regarded as a significant breakthrough in the study of calcitonin.
With the deepening of research on calcitonin, people have conducted extensive research on its molecular structure and mechanism of action. Different sources of calcitonin have different amino acid sequences, but calcitonin from different organisms has activity in humans. Among them, salmon calcitonin (sCT) has the highest activity, making it of great value in clinical applications.
In the development process of salmon calcitonin, Guttmann first synthesized salmon calcitonin in 1969, which provided a possibility for the subsequent application of salmon calcitonin.
Subsequently, a large number of clinical trials and applied studies were conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of salmon calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporosis. Salmon calcitonin is widely used to prevent and treat senile osteoporosis, Paget's syndrome, hypercalcemia and other diseases, and as an auxiliary treatment drug for diabetes, gastric ulcer, acute pancreatitis and other diseases.
In addition to salmon calcitonin, people have also studied other sources of calcitonin, such as eel calcitonin and human calcitonin. Eel calcitonin is structurally similar to salmon calcitonin, but its biological activity is relatively low. Although human calcitonin is different from salmon calcitonin, its mechanism of action and function are similar.
This compound is a polypeptide hormone secreted by salmon thyroid follicular cells. Since its discovery, it has received widespread attention in the field of medicine due to its unique biological activity and wide clinical application value. With the increasing aging of the global population, the incidence rate of age-related osteoporosis, Paget's disease and other diseases is increasing year by year. As an effective drug to treat these diseases, salmon calcitonin market demand and development prospects are increasingly prominent. Here are its development prospects:
Market demand analysis
Osteoporosis market
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass, microstructural damage to bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and increased risk of fractures. With the increasing aging of the global population, the incidence rate of osteoporosis has increased year by year, which has become a global public health problem. It is estimated that about 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, with a majority of female patients. Salmon calcitonin is one of the effective drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, and its market demand is increasing with the increase of the incidence rate of osteoporosis.
Paget's disease market
Paget's disease is a chronic bone metabolism disorder characterized by excessive proliferation and abnormal remodeling of bone tissue. The disease is common in Europe and the United States, but with the intensification of global population mobility and aging trend, its incidence rate has gradually increased in other regions. Salmon calcitonin plays an important role in the treatment of Paget's disease, significantly relieving bone pain, reducing blood calcium levels, and improving bone quality. Therefore, with the increase of the incidence rate of Paget's disease, the market demand for salmon calcitonin will increase accordingly.
Market for hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia refers to a pathological state in which the concentration of calcium ions in the blood is abnormally elevated, which can be caused by various reasons such as hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumor bone metastasis, etc. Hypercalcemia can lead to multi system damage and can be life-threatening in severe cases. Salmon calcitonin, as one of the effective drugs for reducing blood calcium levels, plays an important role in the treatment of hypercalcemia. With the deepening understanding of hypercalcemia and the advancement of treatment methods, the demand for salmon calcitonin in the hypercalcemia market will continue to grow.
Market competition pattern
Intense market competition
Currently, the competition in the salmon calcitonin market is fierce, with multiple pharmaceutical companies entering this field. These enterprises compete for market share in terms of product quality, price, service, and other aspects. In order to stand out in the competition, enterprises need to continuously improve product quality and technological level, strengthen brand building and marketing efforts.
Patent protection and generic drug competition
Salmon calcitonin, as an important peptide drug, has a limited patent protection period. As the patent protection period expires, generic drugs will gradually enter the market and compete with original drugs. This will lead to a decrease in market prices and a change in the competitive landscape. Therefore, original pharmaceutical companies need to strengthen technological innovation and brand building to maintain a competitive advantage in generic drug competition.
International market competition
With the continuous deepening and development of globalization, the salmon calcitonin market is also facing challenges from international competition. Foreign enterprises have certain advantages in technology, capital, brand and other aspects, which pose certain competitive pressure on domestic enterprises. In order to cope with international competition, domestic enterprises need to strengthen cooperation and communication with international enterprises, jointly develop new products, explore new markets, improve product quality, and reduce costs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is calcitonin salmon nasal spray being discontinued?
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The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the discontinuation of calcitonin-salmon [rDNA origin] (Fortical) nasal spray. Upsher-Smith Laboratories decided to discontinue manufacturing the product, according to an FDA report.
Is calcitonin salmon nasal spray safe?
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In clinical studies, more people using calcitonin salmon developed cancer than those who used a placebo medication. Talk to your provider if you have questions about this potential side effect. They can discuss the benefits and risks of this medication for you.
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