α-Lactose monohydrate, also known as alpha lactose monohydrate or alpha lactose monohydrate, is an important chemical substance with wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. CAS 5989-81-1, The molecular formula C12H24O12 usually appears as a white powder or white crystal with a regular crystal structure. The crystal morphology may vary due to different preparation conditions and crystallization processes. Very soluble in water, forming a clear and colorless solution, slightly soluble in alcohol solvents such as ethanol, insoluble in organic solvents such as chloroform or ether. It is a compound formed by the combination of lactose molecules and a molecule of crystalline water. Lactose itself is a naturally occurring disaccharide, formed by the connection of glucose and galactose through β -1,4-glycosidic bonds, widely present in the milk of mammals. Lactose hydrate usually refers to alpha lactose hydrate, as alpha lactose is more likely to combine with water molecules to form hydrates than beta lactose.
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Chemical Formula |
C12H24O12 |
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Exact Mass |
360 |
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Molecular Weight |
360 |
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m/z |
360 (100.0%), 361 (13.0%), 362 (2.5%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 40.00; H, 6.71; O, 53.28 |
Food industry
Sweetener
α-Lactose monohydrate has a certain sweetness and can be used as a natural sweetener to provide natural sweetness to food. Its sweetness is about 70% of sucrose, and its taste is mild, suitable for use in various sweet products such as candies, chocolates, cookies, etc.
Nutritional supplements
Contains two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, which are essential sources of energy for the human body. Therefore, in products such as infant food and nutritional drinks, they can be used as important nutritional supplements to provide the body with the necessary energy and nutrients.
Dairy product additives
In dairy products, it can be used as an important additive. It can improve the taste and texture of dairy products, and enhance product stability. For example, adding it during yogurt production can accelerate acidification reactions, improve fermentation efficiency, and alleviate problems such as lactose crystallization and whey precipitation in dairy products.
Pharmaceutical industry
Drug excipients
In the field of medicine, it is widely used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations. It can be used as a filler, disintegrant, flavoring agent, etc., to help drugs form, dissolve, and release better. Meanwhile, α - lactose hydrate also has certain stability and compatibility, which can ensure the safety and effectiveness of the drug during storage and use.
Bioactive substances
Not only does it have a sweet taste and nutritional supplement effect, but it also has certain biological activity. It can promote the production of certain lactic acid bacteria, inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria, and thus help maintain the balance of intestinal microbiota. In addition, it can promote the absorption of minerals such as calcium, which is beneficial for bone health.
Drug diluents and stabilizers
In the process of drug preparation, it is commonly used as a diluent and stabilizer for drugs. It can bind with drug molecules to form stable complexes, preventing degradation or deterioration of drugs during storage and use. At the same time, it can also improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, thereby enhancing their therapeutic efficacy.
Biochemical experiment
Biochemical reagents
In biochemical experiments, it is often used as an important biochemical reagent. It can participate in various biochemical reactions, such as glycolysis, lactose metabolism, etc., providing necessary substrates and reaction conditions for experiments. At the same time, it can also serve as a substrate or inhibitor for enzymatic reactions, used to study the catalytic mechanism and activity regulation of enzymes.
Cell culture
In the process of cell culture, it can be used as one of the components of cell culture medium. It can provide cells with the necessary energy and nutrients, promoting cell growth and reproduction. At the same time, it can also regulate the osmotic pressure and pH value of the cell culture medium, providing a suitable growth environment for cells.
Environmental protection field
Whey processing
Whey is one of the main by-products in the production process of dairy products. Whey contains a large amount of lactose, and if not handled properly, it can cause certain pollution to the environment. And α - lactose hydrate can decompose lactose in whey, reducing the pollution of water sources caused by high biological oxygen demand after whey discharge. Therefore, it has important application value in the whey processing.
Biodegradation
Alpha lactose hydrate is a biodegradable substance. In the natural environment, it can be decomposed and utilized by microorganisms, ultimately transforming into harmless substances. Therefore, in the field of environmental protection, it can be used as a biodegradable material for treating various organic wastes and pollutants.
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Feed industry
Feed additives
In the feed industry, it can be used as an important feed additive. It can provide animals with the necessary energy and nutrients, promoting their growth and development. At the same time, it can also improve the taste and texture of the feed, increase the appetite and feed intake of animals.
Improve feed utilization efficiency
Adding alpha lactose hydrate to feed can improve feed utilization and animal digestion and absorption capacity. This is because it can promote the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria in the animal intestine, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, thereby maintaining intestinal health and improving the digestion and absorption efficiency of feed.
Other applications
Cosmetics
In the field of cosmetics, it can be used as a moisturizing agent, emulsifier, and other ingredients. It can enhance the moisturizing performance and stability of cosmetics, improve the texture and texture of products. At the same time, it also has a certain antioxidant effect, which can delay the oxidative deterioration process of cosmetics.
Agriculture
In the field of agriculture, it can be used as a plant growth regulator. It can promote plant growth and development, improve crop yield and quality. At the same time, it can also enhance the stress resistance of plants and improve their adaptability to adversity such as drought and salinity.
Synthetic materials
In the field of synthetic materials, it can be used as one of the raw materials for synthesizing various new materials. For example, it can be combined with polymers to form biocompatible materials, which are used in fields such as medical implants; It can also be combined with inorganic materials to form composite materials, which can be used to enhance the mechanical properties and biological activity of materials.
Test method
Establish an ion chromatography method for detecting the content of alpha lactose hydrate in raw materials. Method: The raw material lactose is dissolved in purified water and filtered for sample loading; After centrifugation, filter and take the filtrate for sampling. Both were separated using a Carbo Pac PA20 analysis column (3 mm × 150 mm), and calibration curves were established using an external standard method. The established methods were validated for system adaptability, specificity, accuracy, and precision to determine the detection limit, quantification limit, and linear range. Adopting established methods to detect the content of α - lactose hydrate in raw materials. Result: The method has good system adaptability and specificity; The accuracy recovery rate is 93.9% to 100% 2%; repeatability and relative standard deviation (RSD) of intermediate precision are both less than 1 0%; the detection limit and quantification limit are 0 001 and 0 05 mg／L; The concentration of α - lactose hydrate has a good linear relationship with peak area in the range of 2-10 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient R2 of the standard curve is above 0.999; Good durability, with an RSD of 0 in practical applications 2%～0. 8%. This detection method is simple to operate, accurate and reliable in results, and has the advantages of high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. It can be used as a routine method for detecting the content of alpha lactose hydrate in polysaccharide vaccines and pharmaceutical excipients.
Purpose
Due to its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in galactoside compounds and its ability to transform galactosides, α - lactose hydrate is often used as a raw material for the production of low lactose products and oligogalactose. In addition, adding alpha lactose hydrate during yogurt production can accelerate the acidification reaction, improve fermentation efficiency, and alleviate problems such as lactose crystallization and whey precipitation in dairy products. In terms of environmental protection, alpha lactose hydrate can decompose lactose in whey and reduce the pollution of water sources caused by high biological oxygen demand after whey discharge.
Moreover, the sources of alpha lactose hydrates are extensive, and many microorganisms, plants, and animal cells can synthesize alpha lactose hydrates. Among them, the number of alpha lactose hydrates from microbial sources is the largest, the enzyme sources are abundant, and the properties are diverse. Due to the advantages of short growth cycle, low production cost, easy control, and being unaffected by factors such as season and geographical location, microbial derived alpha lactose hydrates have attracted much attention. The microorganisms that produce alpha lactose hydrate mainly include bacteria, yeast, and mold.
Metabolize
Multiple Gram positive bacteria can ingest alpha lactose hydrate through the phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system. During the transport of α-Lactose monohydrate, the 6th position of the galactose residue is phosphorylated, and the generated lactose is hydrolyzed by phosphoglucosidase into glucose and galactose, which enter the EMP pathway and 6-phosphate pathway for further metabolism, respectively. Phosphat-P-galactosidase belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family GH1 and has been found and isolated in various microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus gasseri. At present, the phospho-P-galactosidase derived from Lactococcus lactis is being studied more. Its encoding gene is located on a plasmid with a molecular weight of 54 kDa, and single molecules can exhibit activity. The activity is less inhibited by the product 6-P-phosphate.
α-Lactose monohydrate, a crystalline form of lactose containing one molecule of water, has been a subject of extensive research and industrial application since its discovery. Its study dates back to the early 20th century, with significant advancements in understanding its structure, properties, and applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
In the 1930s, methods for isolating lactose from milk were patented, laying the groundwork for its commercial production. By the 1950s, spray-drying techniques were developed to produce lactose suitable for direct compression in tablet manufacturing, establishing it as a standard excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. This innovation streamlined the production of solid dosage forms, enhancing the efficiency and quality of drug delivery systems.
Research into the crystallization dynamics of alpha-lactose monohydrate has been pivotal in optimizing its industrial production. Studies have explored mathematical modeling to control crystal size distribution, aiming to produce particles within specific ranges for various applications. Such advancements have improved the flowability, compressibility, and dissolution properties of lactose, making it a versatile excipient in tablets, capsules, and inhalation powders.
Moreover, the understanding of lactose's polymorphism-its existence as alpha and beta anomers-has influenced its applications. Alpha-lactose monohydrate, being the more stable form at room temperature, is preferred in pharmaceuticals, while beta-lactose, formed under higher temperatures, finds use in certain food products.
In recent years, research has also focused on lactose's role in drug formulation, particularly in inhalation therapies, where its properties as a carrier and diluent enhance aerosol performance. Additionally, studies on lactose's interactions with active pharmaceutical ingredients have guided the development of more stable and effective drug formulations.
Overall, the evolution of alpha-lactose monohydrate from a dairy byproduct to an indispensable ingredient in pharmaceuticals and foods underscores its scientific and industrial significance, driven by continuous research and technological innovation.
α - Lactose monohydrate is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Its unique structure and physical properties make it an ideal choice for various functions, from acting as an excipient in drug formulations to providing moisturizing and bulking effects in cosmetics. However, quality control, safety considerations, and environmental impact must be carefully managed to ensure the production and use of high - quality, safe, and sustainable products. As research continues, new applications and improved production methods for α - lactose monohydrate may emerge, further expanding its importance in different sectors.
FAQ
1. What is alpha-lactose monohydrate?
Alpha-Lactose Monohydrate, also known as milk sugar, is a disaccharide sugar and is added to pills as a filler because of its physical properties.
2. What is lactose monohydrate used for?
It's commonly used as a filler for medications and added to packaged foods, baked goods, and infant formulas as a sweetener or stabilizer. This additive is widely considered safe and may not cause symptoms in those who are otherwise lactose intolerant.
3. Is lactose monohydrate natural or synthetic?
Lactose monohydrate is a naturally occurring disaccharide sugar derived from milk. It is often used in its crystalline form in pharmaceutical formulations due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties.
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