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Cyanuric acid powder, white crystal, separated from water, with two crystal water. It is slightly bitter, basically non-toxic, soluble in hot water, slightly soluble in cold water, acidic aqueous solution, soluble in potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, insoluble in cold alcohol, ether, benzene and other organic solvents. The chemical formula is C3H3N3O3. There are two isomers, namely ketone type and enol type, which usually exist as a mixture of two isomers. Cyanursαure is mainly used to manufacture chlorinated derivatives, and is used to synthesize cyanuric acid formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, herbicide, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
C3H3N3O3 |
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Exact Mass |
129 |
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Molecular Weight |
129 |
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m/z |
129 (100.0%), 130 (3.2%), 130 (1.1%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 27.92; H, 2.34; N, 32.56; O, 37.19 |
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Cyanuric acid powder, as an important organic chemical intermediate, exhibits extremely high reactivity in chemical synthesis due to its unique triazine ring structure. The stability and functionalization potential of its molecular formula C ∝ H ∝ N ∝ O ∝ make it a key link between basic chemical engineering and terminal applications. From chlorine stabilizers in the field of water treatment to core components of agricultural fungicides, from flame retardant modification of polymer materials to functional additives in daily chemical products, their applications have penetrated into multiple dimensions of modern industry and daily life.
1. Maintenance of swimming pool and hot tub water quality
The core function of chlorine stabilizers is to prolong the effective action time of chlorine containing disinfectants. In swimming pool water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is easily decomposed by ultraviolet radiation, leading to a decrease in disinfection effectiveness. By forming a stable complex with hypochlorous acid, its half-life can be extended from 20 minutes to 8-12 hours, significantly reducing chlorine consumption. According to industry data, using swimming pools can reduce chlorine consumption by 50% -70% while maintaining a safe residual chlorine concentration range of 1-3 ppm.
Typical application case: A large water park adopted its composite disinfection system with trichloroisocyanuric acid. During the peak summer season with an average daily passenger flow of 20000 people, the cyanursαure concentration was controlled at 30-50ppm, successfully increasing the water quality compliance rate from 82% to 98% and reducing the cost of chemicals by 40%.
2. Drinking water and industrial water treatment
In drinking water treatment, by stabilizing hypochlorite ions (OCl ⁻) and inhibiting their reaction with ammonia nitrogen in water to produce chloramine, the production of disinfection by-products can be avoided. A trial at a certain water treatment plant showed that adding 2ppm cyanuric acid can reduce the production of trihalomethanes (THMs) by 35%, while maintaining a 99.99% killing rate against Escherichia coli.
In industrial circulating water treatment, the combination with sodium bromide can form a long-lasting sterilization system. In the application of a cooling water system in a steel plant, the system reduced the amount of biofouling from 15mg/L to 3mg/L, reduced equipment corrosion rate by 60%, and extended the system operation cycle to 180 days.
1. Compound bactericidal mechanism of chlorobromoisocyanuric acid
Chlorobromoisocyanuric acid (C ∝ H ₂ BrClN ∝ O ∝), as a halogenated derivative of the substance, achieves dual sterilization by releasing hypobromic acid (HOBr) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The oxidation potential of hypobromic acid (1.33V) is higher than that of hypochlorous acid (1.49V), but its stability is better in the pH range of 5-8, making it particularly suitable for agricultural alkaline soil environments.
Field test data: In the control experiment of cucumber downy mildew, 50% cyanuric acid powder wettable powder was spray with 800 times liquid, and the control effect reached 92.3%, 18.6 percentage points higher than the traditional metalaxyl manganese zinc. Its mechanism of action shows that the germination rate of bacterial spores drops below 5% 2 hours after medication, and the growth of hyphae is completely inhibited 48 hours later.
2. Broad spectrum application
It is mainly used for seed treatment and soil disinfection in agriculture. The released active chlorine can penetrate the seed epidermis and kill the carried pathogens. After soaking rice seeds in 500 ppm solution for 24 hours, the incidence rate of bakanae decreased from 12% to 2.5%, and there was no significant effect on seed germination.
Soil disinfection application: In facility vegetable cultivation, applying 10g of cyanursαure granules per square meter can effectively control soil borne diseases. The experiment showed that its prevention and control effects on wilt disease and root rot disease reached 85% and 78%, respectively, and the effective period lasted for more than 90 days.
2. Public health and home disinfection
In public health emergencies, derivatives demonstrate efficient emergency response capabilities. In 2023, a subway system in a certain city adopted a composite disinfectant containing cyanursαure to control the total number of bacteria in the carriage to ≤ 40CFU/dish during the high incidence period of influenza, which increased the efficiency by three times compared to conventional disinfection schemes.
In the field of home disinfection, the disinfectant wipes formulated with surfactants can achieve a 99.999% kill rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A certain brand's product test shows that its sterilization effect can still be maintained for more than 4 hours in humid environments (relative humidity of 80%).
1. Upgrade of medical disinfectants
The application in the medical field has expanded from traditional surface disinfection to precision instrument treatment such as endoscopes. The inactivation logarithm value of its 0.5% aqueous solution against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is more than 6.0, which meets the requirements of Hygienic Standards for Hospital Disinfection (GB15982-2012). A comparative experiment in a tertiary hospital showed that the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid disinfection for endoscopes reduced the postoperative infection rate by 0.3 percentage points compared to the glutaraldehyde treatment group.
1. Innovation in flame retardants
The cyanurate melamine salt (MCA) generated by its reaction with melamine has become a representative halogen-free flame retardant for engineering plastics such as nylon 6 and polyester. Its flame retardant mechanism lies in absorbing a large amount of heat during thermal decomposition and forming a dense carbon layer to isolate oxygen. Adding 20% MCA to nylon 6, its vertical combustion grade can reach UL94 V-0 level, and the oxygen index has increased from 21% to 32%.
Application of Automotive Tires: A certain tire company uses cyanursαure based flame retardants for the inner layer of mining tires. While maintaining the original physical properties, the combustion rate of the tires is reduced from 80mm/min to 15mm/min, meeting the MT557-2005 standard for flame-retardant conveyor belts used in coal mines.
2. Optimization of resin synthesis
In the synthesis of cyanursαure formaldehyde resin, the introduction of this substance can significantly improve the heat resistance of the resin. Compared with traditional phenolic resin, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of cyanursαure modified resin is increased by 20-30 ℃, and the residual carbon rate is increased from 45% to 65%, making it suitable for laminated board manufacturing in high-temperature environments.
1. Cosmetic additives
Esters formed by reacting with fatty acids can serve as stabilizers for sunscreen agents. It prevents the photodegradation failure of sunscreen by chelating metal ions. A test of a certain international brand sunscreen showed that after adding 0.5% cyanurate ester, the SPF value of the product remained at 92% of its initial value after 4 hours of UV irradiation, an increase of 18 percentage points compared to the untreated group.
2. Metal corrosion inhibitors
In the circulating cooling water system, corrosion inhibitors compounded with zinc salts can control the corrosion rate of carbon steel below 0.03mm/a. Its mechanism of action is to form a dense protective film on the metal surface, preventing chloride ion erosion. The application of a certain petrochemical enterprise shows that the corrosion inhibitor extends the service life of the heat exchanger to 8 years, which is three times higher than the traditional solution.
Expanding into emerging fields: Technology driven growth
1. New energy materials
Has shown potential in the field of electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries. Its derivatives can inhibit electrolyte decomposition and improve battery cycling stability. Laboratory data shows that adding 1% cyanursαure based additive to the electrolyte increases the capacity retention rate of ternary material batteries from 82% to 91% after 500 cycles at 1C rate.
2. 3D printing materials
In the formulation of photosensitive resin, the addition of cyanursαure can adjust the curing speed and shrinkage rate of the resin. The cyanuric acid powder modified resin developed by a certain enterprise has a printing accuracy of 20 μ m, which is 40% higher than traditional resins, and the warpage deformation rate is reduced to less than 0.1%, meeting the high-precision printing needs of jewelry, dentistry, and other industries.
There are mainly urea pyrolysis method and semi cycle method.
(1) Urea pyrolysis method:
Urea is obtained by pyrolysis and cyclization, and the reaction equation is as follows:
According to different pyrolysis methods, it can be divided into solid phase melting method and liquid phase method. In the solid phase method, urea is heated to 200~300 ℃, crude cyanursαure is obtained by pyrolysis, and then 15~20% sulfuric acid (or nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) is added, digested, filtered, washed, and dried to obtain the finished product. This is the main method for industrial production of cyanursαure. The purity of industrial products is ≥ 95%, and 1200kg urea is consumed per ton of products. The liquid phase method is carried out in aromatic or mineral oil solvent. After the reaction is completed, the solvent is separated, washed and dried to obtain the finished product. The reaction conditions are mild, the corrosivity is low, but the yield is low.
In the pyrolysis process, urea and ammonium chloride are put into iron free containers at a ratio of 1:0.04, and put on trolleys one by one. The trolleys full of materials are jacked into tunnel kilns with temperature gradient by hydraulic press (the trolleys enter the kilns at intervals of 15-20min). After preheating, heating, constant temperature and cooling, urea is melted and deamination polymerized to produce 65% - 85% crude cyanursαure. The control temperature of four different temperature zones is 1:260 ℃, 2:290 ℃, 3:270 ℃ and 4:150 ℃ respectively, and the time of materials in the kiln is 6-7 hours.
In the refining process, the crushed crude cyanursαure is added to a reactor (jacketed enamel reactor) containing 23%~25% cyanursαure solution, heated with steam to 170 ℃ for boiling reaction, so that the by-products monoamide and diamide of cyanursαurecan be re converted into cyanuric acid. After 7-8h reaction, the jacket is filled with cooling water, the material is cooled to below 90 ℃, and then it is put into the material washing tank. The water is washed to pH>4, and the wet cyanuric acid with water content<25% is obtained by suction filtration.
The drying process adopts box dryer for drying. The initial moisture content of materials is less than 25%, and the final moisture content after drying is less than or equal to 0.5%.
(2) Half cycle method:
Put cyanuric acid powder powder into the ball rolling plate, gradually add urea with a molar ratio of 1.7~2, raise the temperature to 190 ℃, continue for half an hour, stop heating and continue rolling until no ammonia is generated. Take out a small part, crush it, dissolve it with sulfuric acid, boil it, filter it centrifugally, wash and dry it to obtain the finished product. The rest continues to circulate the ball.
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