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D-glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt is a chemical compound with a series of physical properties. Usually in the form of white crystalline powder. It is a odorless solid and stable at room temperature. Has good solubility in water. It can quickly dissolve in water, forming a transparent solution. In addition, it can also dissolve in some organic solvents, such as methanol and ethanol. The pH value is related to the concentration of its solution. Usually, in a dilute solution, the solution is slightly acidic and has a pH value between 5.5 and 6.5. Relatively stable at room temperature. However, under high temperature and extreme conditions, such as strong acid, strong base or high temperature solution, it may undergo Chemical decomposition. Has a certain degree of moisture absorption. In environments with high humidity, it can absorb surrounding moisture, causing crystalline powder to become moist. It is a compound with optical rotation properties. It is a D-type optical rotator that has a rotational effect on polarized light. Its optical rotation can be measured by Optical instrument. The crystal morphology is usually Hexagonal crystal family, and presents prismatic or plate crystal morphology. Its crystal structure can be studied through techniques such as X-ray diffraction. It is often used as a nutritional supplement for food and beverages. It can increase energy supply and replenish the carbohydrates needed in the body. Due to its sweet taste, D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt is sometimes used as a food flavoring agent to improve the taste and taste of food.
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Chemical Formula |
C6H11K2O9P |
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Exact Mass |
336 |
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Molecular Weight |
336 |
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m/z |
336 (100.0%), 338 (14.4%), 337 (6.5%), 338 (1.8%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 21.43; H, 3.30; K, 23.25; O, 42.81; P, 9.21 |
D-Glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt is an important biochemical reagent, typically expressed as C ₆ H ₁ K ₂ O ₉ P · 3H ₂ O (containing crystal water), with a molecular weight of approximately 408.4 g/mol. This compound is formed by the phosphorylation of glucose on the 6th carbon to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which further binds to two potassium ions. Its white to off white crystalline powder appearance, easy solubility in water, and stability under neutral or weakly alkaline conditions make it widely applicable in multiple fields.
It is a core reagent for studying sugar metabolism pathways, especially playing an irreplaceable role in the mechanism analysis of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and glycogen metabolism.
1. Research on the glycolysis pathway
As the first key intermediate in glycolysis, G6P is catalyzed by hexokinase or glucokinase from glucose. This reaction is the "activation" step of glucose inside the cell, and the generated G6P cannot freely pass through the cell membrane due to its negative charge, thus being retained inside the cell for further metabolism. By adding exogenous G6P, researchers can accurately regulate the rate of glycolysis and use isotope labeling techniques (such as ¹ ³ C-NMR) to track carbon flow distribution and reveal changes in metabolic flux. For example, in tumor cells, the Warburg effect leads to a significant increase in G6P levels, and measuring its concentration can evaluate the cell's dependence on glucose and energy metabolism characteristics.
2. Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
G6P is the starting material of PPP, and this pathway is divided into an oxidative stage and a non oxidative stage: the oxidative stage generates NADPH (antioxidant) and ribose-5-phosphate (nucleotide synthesis material), while the non oxidative stage catalyzes the production of fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate through transketolase and transaldolase, which re-enter glycolysis. By adding G6P, PPP activity can be induced to increase, and its effects on cellular redox balance, lipid synthesis, and DNA damage repair can be studied. For example, in red blood cells, PPP is a key pathway for maintaining glutathione reduction status, and insufficient supply of G6P can lead to oxidative stress damage.
3. Dynamic monitoring of glycogen metabolism
G6P is both a precursor for glycogen synthesis (via the UDP glucose pathway) and a product of liver glycogen breakdown (catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase to produce glucose). By adding G6P, physiological conditions for glycogen synthesis or breakdown can be simulated, and quantitative analysis of glycogen deposition rate can be performed using radioactive labeling techniques such as ³ H-glucose. In the study of diabetes, the decreased sensitivity of hepatocytes to G6P is an important mechanism of glycogen synthesis disorder. The exogenous G6P partially restores glycogen synthesis ability, providing a model for drug development.
Enzyme activity assay: standardized substrate for quantitative analysis of biochemical reactions
It is a standard substrate for various enzyme activity assays, and its stability and detectability make it an ideal tool for enzymatic research.
1. Determination of hexokinase (HK) activity
The reaction of HK catalyzing glucose to produce G6P is the rate limiting step in glycolysis. By coupling the fluorescence or absorbance changes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), HK activity can be indirectly determined. The specific method is to add G6P, NADP ⁺, and G6PDH to the reaction system. The G6P catalyzed by HK is further oxidized by G6PDH to 6-phosphogluconolactone, while NADP ⁺ is reduced to NADPH. The activity of HK is calculated by detecting the increase in absorbance at 340 nm (ε=6.22 mM ⁻¹ cm ⁻¹). This method has high sensitivity and a wide linear range (1-100 μ M G6P), making it suitable for high-throughput screening.
2. Determination of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity
G6Pase catalyzes the hydrolysis of G6P to produce glucose and inorganic phosphate, and is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown. By using ammonium molybdate colorimetric method to detect the concentration of phosphate ions released in the reaction system, G6Pase activity can be quantified. The specific steps are as follows: add G6P to the reaction system, and after the reaction is terminated, add ammonium molybdate sulfuric acid solution. The phosphate group forms a yellow phosphomolybdic acid complex with ammonium molybdate. Measure the absorbance at 405 nm and calculate the enzyme activity based on the standard curve. This method is easy to operate and suitable for the activity analysis of crude enzyme extracts.
3. Determination of Phosphoglucose Isomerase (PGI) Activity
PGI catalyzes the interconversion reaction between G6P and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), which is a key regulatory point for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. By coupling hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in a cascade reaction, PGI activity can be indirectly measured. The specific method is to add G6P, NADP ⁺, HK, and G6PDH to the reaction system. F6P generated by PGI catalysis is phosphorylated by HK to G6P, and then oxidized by G6PDH to NADPH. The PGI activity is calculated by detecting the change in absorbance at 340 nm. This method avoids the complexity of directly detecting F6P and improves the measurement efficiency.
D-glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt is an important intermediate for the synthesis of antiviral and anti-tumor nucleoside analogues, and its phosphate group provides an active site for subsequent chemical modifications.
1. Synthesis of antiviral drugs
For example, in the synthesis of the anti HIV drug Azanavir, derivatives of G6P can serve as sugar donors, binding to nucleoside bases through glycosidic bonds to form nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity. The specific steps are: using G6P as the raw material, selective oxidation, deprotection, and glycosylation reactions are carried out to generate the target molecule.
This route utilizes the stereochemical stability of G6P to ensure the correct configuration of glycosidic bonds and improve drug activity.
2. Synthesis of anti-tumor drugs
In the process of synthesizing the anti-tumor drug gemcitabine, derivatives of G6P can serve as precursors to enhance the drug's water solubility and cellular uptake efficiency through phosphorylation modification. For example, G6P is linked to gemcitabine through a phosphate bond to form gemcitabine 6-phosphate, which is hydrolyzed by phosphatase in cells to release active drugs, significantly improving anti-tumor efficacy.
In certain special culture media (such as glucose deficient systems), G6P can be directly provided as a carbon source to support cell growth and metabolism.
1. Culture of cells with glycolysis defects
For hexokinase deficient cells (such as certain leukemia cell lines), exogenous glucose cannot be effectively utilized, while G6P can directly enter the glycolytic pathway to maintain cellular energy supply. By adding G6P (usually at a concentration of 1-10 mM) to the culture medium, cell survival rate and proliferation ability can be significantly improved.
2. Construction of glycogen storage disease model
Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in glycogen metabolism enzymes. By adding G6P to the culture medium, physiological conditions for glycogen synthesis or breakdown in the body can be simulated, and a disease model can be constructed. For example, in the GSD Ia (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency) cell model, the addition of G6P leads to an increase in intracellular G6P accumulation and glycogen synthesis. The severity of enzyme deficiency can be evaluated by detecting glycogen content.
Can be used as a calibration or quality control product for blood glucose detection kits to evaluate the accuracy and precision of detection systems.
1. Preparation of Calibration Samples
By accurately preparing G6P solutions of different concentrations (such as 1, 5, and 10 mM), standard curves can be established for calibrating the readings of blood glucose detectors. Due to the structural similarity between G6P and glucose, its calibration results can indirectly reflect the instrument's ability to detect glucose.
2. Preparation of quality control products
Add G6P to human serum or plasma to prepare quality control samples for monitoring the intra - and inter day precision of detection systems. For example, in clinical laboratories, running quality control samples daily can promptly detect issues such as instrument drift or reagent deterioration, ensuring the reliability of test results.
Materials Science: Functional Modification of Biocompatible Materials
D-glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt can be chemically modified to bind with polymers or other materials, endowing them with new biological activities and expanding their applications in the biomedical field.
1. Construction of biosensors
A glucose sensor can be prepared by modifying G6P on the electrode surface. For example, G6P is covalently bound to glucose oxidase (GOx) to form a G6P GOx complex, which can specifically recognize glucose and catalyze its oxidation, generating electrical signals (such as changes in current or voltage). Glucose concentration can be quantified by detecting the signal strength. This method has high selectivity and sensitivity, and is suitable for blood glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes.
2. Design of drug delivery system
G6P can be combined with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or liposomes to prepare targeted drug carriers. For example, by chemically modifying G6P at the end of PEG chains, a G6P-PEG polymer can be formed, which can bind to the overexpressed glucose transporter (GLUT) on the surface of tumor cells to achieve targeted drug delivery. This method improves the cellular uptake efficiency of drugs and reduces systemic toxicity.
D-glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt is an important compound, which has a variety of synthetic methods. The following are several common synthesis methods of D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt.
The most common method is to react glucose with phosphoric acid under alkaline conditions to generate D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphate, and then react with potassium hydroxide to generate D-nenenebb glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt. The steps of this reaction are as follows:
Step 1: Reaction between glucose and phosphate
C6H12O6+H3PO4 → C6H11O9P+H2O
Step 2: D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphoric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide
C6H11O9P+2KOH → C6H11O9PK2+H2O
D-glucose reacts with inorganic phosphate or organic phosphate to generate D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphate, and then reacts with potassium hydroxide to obtain D-nenenebb glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt. The steps of this reaction are as follows:
Step 1: Reaction of D-glucose with phosphate ester
C6H12O6+P (O) (OR) 3 → C6H11O9P+R3PO
Step 2: D-neneneba glucose-6-phosphoric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide
C6H11O9P+2KOH → C6H11O9PK2+H2O
Other glucose phosphorylation products, such as Glucose 1-phosphate or Glucose 6-phosphate monohydrate, can be used to convert them into D-nenenebc glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt after appropriate reaction and treatment.
In addition to the above main synthesis methods, D-glucose-6-phosphate dipotassium salt can also be synthesized by other ways, such as enzyme catalyzed reaction, synthetic biotechnology methods, etc. These methods have also been widely used in practical research and application.
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