Hydrogen bromide solution, the chemical formula is HBr, CAS 10035-10-6. It is a colorless gas with a strong pungent smell and corrosiveness, and usually appears as a gray or yellow smoke-like substance. It is gaseous at normal temperature, but can be compressed into liquid or solid state. It is very soluble in water at room temperature, has a strong pungent smell and is corrosive. Has a strong affinity with water, so it is easily soluble in water. Under standard atmospheric pressure, at 20°C, the maximum solubility is 68.9 g/100 mL, and its solubility will gradually decrease as the temperature increases. It has poor thermal stability and is easy to decompose. It can be decomposed into hydrogen and bromine under high temperature and high pressure. The standard enthalpy of formation is -36.4 kJ/mol. It is a weakly acidic substance that can generate H+ ions and Br- ions through water decomposition. Therefore, it has a certain conductivity in water.
|
Chemical Formula |
BrH |
|
Exact Mass |
80 |
|
Molecular Weight |
81 |
|
m/z |
80 (100.0%), 82 (97.3%) |
|
Elemental Analysis |
Br, 98.75; H, 1.25 |
Hydrogen bromide is an important inorganic compound with a wide range of applications.
1. Industrial production:
Hydrogen bromide is commonly used in the industrial preparation of bromide and organic compounds, especially involving acid-catalyzed reactions. It can be used as a hydrohalic acid catalyst, such as in the preparation of organic compounds such as styrene, isobutylene and isoacetone. In addition, it can also be used in the preparation of semiconductor materials in the electronics industry and in the production process of glass, ceramics and other industries.
2. Functional materials:
Hydrogen bromide solution can also be used in the manufacture of compounds such as thiols, amines and esters, as raw materials and intermediates for pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In the field of organic synthesis, the main use of Hydrogen bromide is to convert nitriles to aldehydes and convert mercaptans to carbon disulfide.
3. Water treatment agent:
Hydrogen bromide can be used in water treatment, especially in the removal of organic matter and metal ions in sewage with high efficiency. It can be used in conjunction with catechol and other substances to achieve efficient water treatment effects.
4. Medical industry:
Hydrogen bromide is also widely used in the medical field. It can be used to prepare certain drugs and antibiotics, such as phenoxyprofen, flurbiprofen and omeprazole, etc. At the same time, Hydrogen bromide also plays an indispensable role in the manufacture of anesthetics and analgesics.
5. Analytical Chemistry:
Hydrogen bromide is one of the important substances for analysis and detection by gas chromatography. It can be used as a standard and internal standard to determine the amount of organic pollutants in environmental samples. In addition, Hydrogen bromide can also be used to prepare standard gas mixtures.
6. Research:
Hydrogen bromide is commonly used in physical and chemical experiments in scientific research. In quantum mechanical models and crystallographic experimental analysis, Hydrogen bromide can be used to temporarily store individual molecules for more in-depth research and exploration. At the same time, Hydrogen bromide is also used in computer-aided design of compounds, and prediction of physical and chemical properties and reaction kinetics.
The above are the various uses of Hydrogen bromide, from industrial production, chemical reaction and analytical detection to medical industry, water treatment and research fields. However, it should be noted that when using Hydrogen bromide, relevant safety regulations and operating procedures must be followed to ensure the safety and reliability of the production and use process.
Hydrobromic acid (HBr) is an important inorganic acid with a wide range of applications and examples.
Pharmaceutical industry
Hydrobromic acid plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry and is mainly used for synthesizing various drugs.
Sedatives and anesthetics
Scopolamine hydrobromide: This is a commonly used sedative and antiemetic drug, widely used in clinical practice. It can achieve sedative and antiemetic effects by inhibiting the central nervous system.
Other sedatives and anesthetics: Hydrobromic acid can also be used to synthesize other sedatives and anesthetics, such as dexmedetomidine hydrobromide, which have a wide range of applications in the medical field.
Antiepileptic
Hydrobromic acid gabapentin: This is a commonly used antiepileptic drug that can effectively control epileptic seizures. It achieves antiepileptic effects by regulating the transmission of neurotransmitters and reducing neuronal excitability.
Antibacterial agent
Some derivatives of hydrobromic acid: Some derivatives of hydrobromic acid have antibacterial effects and can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These derivatives can damage the cell wall or membrane of bacteria, thereby achieving bactericidal effects.
Dye industry
Hydrobromic acid, as a raw material for synthetic dyes in the dye industry, provides rich colors for textile dyeing.
Synthetic dye
Brominated dyes: Hydrobromic acid can react with certain organic compounds to produce brominated dyes. These dyes have excellent dyeing performance and stability, which can meet the needs of different textiles.
Other dyes: Hydrobromic acid can also be used to synthesize other types of dyes, such as azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, etc. These dyes have a wide range of applications in the fields of textiles, printing and dyeing.
Dye intermediate
Brominated intermediates: Hydrobromic acid can be used to synthesize dye intermediates, which are important raw materials for dye synthesis. By adjusting the reaction conditions and types of raw materials, intermediates with different structures can be prepared, and dyes with different properties can be synthesized.
Spice industry
Hydrobromic acid is used in the spice industry to synthesize certain spice components, providing specific aromas for food and cosmetics.
synthetic fragrances
Brominated flavors: Hydrobromic acid can react with certain organic compounds to produce brominated flavors. These spices have unique aromas and flavors that enhance the sensory experience of food and cosmetics.
Other fragrances: Hydrogen bromide solution can also be used to synthesize other types of fragrances, such as ester fragrances, alcohol fragrances, etc. These spices have a wide range of applications in fields such as food and cosmetics.
Spice intermediates
Brominated intermediates: Hydrobromic acid can be used to synthesize spice intermediates, which are important raw materials for the synthesis of spices. By adjusting the reaction conditions and types of raw materials, different structures of intermediates can be prepared, which can then be used to synthesize fragrances with different aromas.
Organic synthesis
Hydrobromic acid serves as a catalyst or reactant in organic synthesis, participating in various chemical reactions.
Catalyst
Alkylation reaction: Hydrobromic acid can serve as a catalyst for alkylation reaction, promoting the alkylation reaction between organic compounds. This reaction has a wide range of applications in the petrochemical industry and can produce various alkylated products.
Other reactions: Hydrobromic acid can also serve as a catalyst for other types of reactions, such as isomerization reactions, addition reactions, etc. These reactions have a wide range of applications in the field of organic synthesis.
Reactant
Substitution reaction: Hydrobromic acid can undergo a substitution reaction with organic compounds to produce brominated organic compounds. This reaction has a wide range of applications in organic synthesis and can prepare various brominated products.
Addition reaction: Hydrobromic acid can also undergo addition reactions with certain organic compounds to produce addition products. This reaction also has a wide range of applications in organic synthesis.
Flame retardant manufacturing
Hydrobromic acid or its derivatives can be used to manufacture flame retardants and improve the fire resistance of materials.
Preparation of flame retardants
Bromine based flame retardants: Hydrobromic acid or its derivatives can react with certain organic compounds to produce bromine based flame retardants. These flame retardants have excellent flame retardant properties and can effectively improve the fire resistance of materials.
Other flame retardants: Hydrobromic acid can also be used to prepare other types of flame retardants, such as phosphorus based flame retardants, nitrogen based flame retardants, etc. These flame retardants have a wide range of applications in fields such as plastics, rubber, textiles, etc.
Application of flame retardants
Plastic flame retardant: Hydrogen bromide based flame retardants have a wide range of applications in the field of plastics, which can effectively improve the fire resistance of plastics. By adding an appropriate amount of flame retardant, plastics can produce less smoke and toxic gases during combustion.
Rubber flame retardant: Bromine based flame retardants can also be used for flame retardant treatment of rubber. By adding flame retardants, the flame resistance of rubber can be improved and the risk of fire can be reduced.
Textile flame retardant: Bromine based flame retardants can also be used for flame retardant treatment of textiles. The processed textiles can quickly self extinguish during combustion, reducing the harm of fires to people.
Electroplating and Metallurgy
Hydrobromic acid can be used to treat metal surfaces in electroplating and metallurgy processes, improving the smoothness and corrosion resistance of metals.
metal surface treatment
Rust removal: Hydrobromic acid can react with rust deposits on metal surfaces to generate soluble bromides, thereby removing rust deposits on metal surfaces. This processing method has wide applications in the fields of electroplating and metallurgy.
Bright treatment: Hydrobromic acid can also be used for bright treatment of metals. The processed metal surface is smoother and brighter, improving the aesthetics and usability of the metal.
Metal smelting
Extracting metals: Hydrobromic acid can be used in the extraction process of certain metals. By adjusting the reaction conditions and types of raw materials, metals of different purities can be prepared.
Other smelting processes: Hydrobromic acid can also be used in other smelting processes, such as metal refining, alloy preparation, etc. These processes have a wide range of applications in the field of metallurgy.
Analytical Chemistry
Hydrobromic acid is used as a reagent in analytical chemistry to determine the content or properties of certain substances.
Determination of substance content
Titration analysis: Hydrobromic acid can be used as a reagent for titration analysis to determine the content of certain substances. By titration reaction, the concentration or mass of the substance to be tested can be calculated.
Spectrophotometry: Hydrobromic acid can also react with certain substances to produce compounds with specific colors. By measuring the absorbance of these compounds using spectrophotometry, the content of the substance to be tested can be calculated.
Determination of material properties
Chemical reactivity: Hydrogen bromide solution can undergo chemical reactions with certain substances to produce products with specific properties. By measuring the properties of these products, the properties of the substance to be tested can be inferred.
Other analytical methods: Hydrobromic acid can also be used for other analytical methods, such as potentiometric titration, ion chromatography, etc. These methods have a wide range of applications in analytical chemistry.
Other applications
In addition to the main application areas mentioned above, hydrobromic acid also has various other applications.
Preparation of inorganic bromide
Sodium bromide, potassium bromide, etc.: Hydrobromic acid can react with metal oxides or metal hydroxides to generate corresponding inorganic bromides. These bromides have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry.
Preparation of organic bromides
Bromomethane, bromoethane, etc.: Hydrobromic acid can react with organic compounds to generate corresponding organic bromides. These bromides have a wide range of applications in fields such as pesticides and dyes.
As a solvent
Metal mineral solvents: Hydrobromic acid can be used as a solvent for certain metal minerals, for extracting metals or preparing metal compounds.
As a reducing agent
Reduction reaction: Hydrobromic acid has reducibility and can participate in certain reduction reactions as a reducing agent. These reactions have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry.
As a separating agent for alkoxyl and phenoxy compounds
Separation of alkoxyl and phenoxy compounds: Hydrobromic acid can be used to separate alkoxyl and phenoxy compounds, which have a wide range of applications in the petrochemical industry.
Application examples
Here are some application examples of hydrobromic acid in specific fields.
Pharmaceutical field
Dexmedetomidine hydrobromide: This is a commonly used cough suppressant that exerts a central cough suppressing effect by inhibiting the medullary cough center. Its cough suppressing effect is equivalent to or slightly stronger than codeine, mainly used to treat dry cough, suitable for coughing during colds, acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pharyngitis, tuberculosis, and other upper respiratory tract infections.
Scopolamine hydrobromide: This is an anticholinergic drug mainly used to relieve smooth muscle spasms, gastrointestinal colic, biliary spasms, and organophosphate poisoning.
Dye field
Brominated indigo dye: Hydrobromic acid can be used to synthesize brominated indigo dye, which has excellent dyeing performance and stability and is widely used in textile dyeing.
Spice field
Brominated flavors: Hydrobromic acid can be used to synthesize brominated flavors, which have unique aromas and flavors that enhance the sensory experience of food and cosmetics. For example, certain brominated flavors can be used to prepare food or cosmetics with flavors such as vanilla and caramel.
Organic synthesis field
Alkylation reaction: In the petrochemical industry, hydrobromic acid can serve as a catalyst for alkylation reactions, promoting the alkylation reaction between alkanes and alkenes. This reaction can produce various alkylated products, such as alkylbenzene, alkylnaphthalene, etc.
Flame retardant field
Bromine based flame retardants: Hydrobromic acid or its derivatives can be used to prepare bromine based flame retardants, which have excellent flame retardant properties and are widely used in flame retardant treatment of plastics, rubber, textiles and other fields.
Hydrogen bromide solution is an important inorganic compound with a wide range of applications. It is usually prepared by synthetic methods in industry and laboratory.
1. Direct synthesis method:
Direct synthesis is one of the traditional methods for preparing hydrobromic acid and bromide. It produces Hydrogen bromide by reacting hydrogen and hydrogen bromide in the hot state:
H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2HBr(g)
This reaction is a thermodynamic process that is performed more efficiently at high temperature (>400°C) and high pressure (>10 atm). In practice, an absorbent (such as Ag2O or NaOH) is used to absorb the moisture volatilized by hydrobromic acid and keep the reaction mixture acidic. Subsequently, the hydrobromic acid is separated off by cooling. In addition, in order to avoid the corrosion of the equipment by the ozone generated during the reaction, it is also necessary to add a small amount of silver oxide or other catalysts.
This method cannot be used for small-scale laboratory preparations because of the high temperature and high pressure reaction conditions required. But in industrial production, it is one of the preferred methods for preparing hydrobromic acid and bromide.
2. Indirect synthesis method:
(1) Ammonium bromide method:
In the ammonium bromide method, ammonium bromide is first generated:
NH3(g) + HBr(g) → NH4Br(g)
Ammonium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid are then mixed and heated:
NH4Br(s) + H2SO4(l) → NH4HSO4(s) + HBr(g)
The Hydrogen bromide produced by the reaction can be collected by a condenser. This method requires the use of high-concentration sulfuric acid, and it should be noted that the resulting gas is poisonous, and effective protective measures must be taken during operation.
(2) Sodium bromide method:
In the sodium bromide method, solid sodium bromide is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated:
2NaBr(s) + H2SO4(l) → Na2SO4(s) + 2HBr(g)
The Hydrogen bromide produced by the reaction can also be collected by a condenser. Compared with the ammonium bromide method, the raw materials used in the sodium bromide method are easier to obtain.
(3) Cuprous bromide method:
In the cuprous bromide method, a solution of cuprous chloride (CuCl) is added to a reaction mixture containing dodecabromodimethylmethane (CBr2Cl2):
CuCl2(aq) + CBr2Cl2(l) → CuBr2(s) + CCl2(g)
The CBr2Cl2 and CCl2 in the reaction mixture are then dissolved with water and converted to HBr by aeration. This method has higher productive rate and lower cost, but needs to use a large amount of CBr2Cl2 and cuprous chloride.
(4) Sodium bromate method:
In the sodium bromate method, sodium bromate is first generated:
NaOH(aq) + Br2(l) + 2CO2(g) → NaHCO3(s) + NaBrO3(s)
Sodium bromate is then mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated:
NaBrO3(s) + 6H2SO4(l) → NaHSO4(s) + 3H2O(l) + 3SO2(g) + 3Br2(g)
The Hydrogen bromide generated in the reaction can be collected by a condenser. This method has high production efficiency and can also prepare other useful chemical substances at the same time.
3. Other synthetic methods:
(1) Electrolysis method: Hydrogen bromide is obtained by electrolyzing sodium bromide aqueous solution, mixing bromine gas and hydrogen gas on the electrode and then collecting them.
2NaBr(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2Br-(aq)
2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-
2Br-(aq) + 2e- → Br2(g)
H2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- → 2H+(aq)
(2) High-temperature pyrolysis method: This method obtains Hydrogen bromide by heating ammonium bromide or hydrobromic acid at high temperature.
NH4Br → NH3 + HBr
2HBr → H2 + Br2
In summary, there are many methods for preparing Hydrogen bromide. Among them, the direct synthesis method is the most commonly used method in industrial production, but requires special reaction conditions and catalysts. Indirect synthesis and other synthesis methods are used for small-scale laboratory preparations and special needs preparations. No matter which method is used, the operator must strictly abide by the operating procedures and take safety protection measures.
Hydrogen bromide solution is an inorganic compound with a wide range of applications. The discovery history of Hydrogen bromide will be introduced below.
As early as 1791, French chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau first regarded bromine as a chemical element and named it brome. But it was not until 1826, when bromine was independently isolated from seawater by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius and the British chemist Humphry Davy, and became a hot topic in European scientific circles, that Hydrogen bromide began to be recognized as a new chemical substance. focus on.
The term Hydrogen bromide was first mentioned by Berzelius in his 1826 protocol, when he mixed lithium hydride with bromine water to obtain a compound known as "hydrogen bromide". But he didn't realize that this compound was composed of hydrogen ions and bromide ions, and he thought it was composed of an unknown two-element compound "Hydrogen bromide".
A few years later, the famous French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard independently succeeded in isolating bromine in seawater, further confirming Berzelius' discovery. Together with another French chemist, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Balard's findings from Berzelius and his own experiments gradually led to the correct conclusion that Hydrogen bromide is a compound composed of hydrogen ions and bromide ions.
In 1829, British chemist John Frederic Daniell used copper as a catalyst to prepare Hydrogen bromide in the laboratory for the first time. This reaction is produced by mixing hydrogen and bromine water and heating, which can be represented by the following reaction formula:
H2(g) + Br2(l) → 2HBr(g)
In Daniell's experiments, the copper catalyst acted to speed up the reaction rate and increase the yield.
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