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Humic acid powder is a widely present macromolecular organic substance in nature. Generally black brown or black in color, its color increases with the degree of coalification, changing from reddish brown, dark brown to black in sequence. This color change is related to its molecular structure and chemical composition. Humic acid molecules contain a large number of aromatic rings and fatty chains, which gradually condense during coalification, resulting in a darker color. In addition, it also contains some chromophore groups, such as quinone groups, methoxy groups, etc., and the presence of these groups also affects the color of humic acid. Widely used in various fields such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, petroleum, chemical industry, building materials, medicine and health, environmental protection, etc.
Formation and description
Humic acid powder is a type of organic substance formed and accumulated from the decomposition and transformation of animal and plant remains (mainly plant remains) by microorganisms, as well as a series of geochemical processes. Its total volume is astonishingly large, in the trillions of tons. It can be found in rivers, lakes, seas, soil, coal mines, and most of the surface. Due to its widespread existence, it has a significant impact on the Earth, involving carbon cycling, mineral migration and accumulation, soil fertility, ecological balance, and other aspects. The total amount of humic acid in soil is the highest, but the average content is less than one percent. The total amount in saline water is also not small, but the concentration is even lower.
The most promising humic acid resources for development and utilization are some low calorific value coal, such as peat, lignite, and weathered coal. Among them, humic acid content reaches 10-80%.China has abundant coal reserves. According to data, there are 5 billion tons of peat, 126.5 billion tons of lignite, and no statistical data on weathered coal. In this sense, the production and application of humic acid can also be considered as an aspect of coal chemical industry.
The basic structures of humic acid macromolecules are aromatic and aliphatic rings, with functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, quinone, and methoxy attached to the rings.
industry status
China has abundant humic acid resources, large reserves, wide distribution, and good grade. As an organic raw material, it is widely used in various fields such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, petroleum, chemical industry, building materials, medicine, health, environmental protection, etc. In terms of comprehensive utilization of humic acid, although it started late, its technological level is not lagging behind in the world. There are over 100 higher education institutions and research institutes engaged in humic acid scientific research in China, which have achieved numerous scientific research results, and some technical products have reached the international leading level.
Such as HA organic fertilizer, FA drought resistant agent, SPNH high-temperature and high-pressure filtration reducer, HA multifunctional pollution-free water treatment agent, and environmentally friendly products. These varieties mainly include fertilizers, pesticides, veterinary drugs, drought resistant agents, and feed additives; Medicines, health products, cosmetics; Various varieties such as petroleum additives, industrial water treatment agents, coal water slurry stabilizers, battery expansion agents, ceramic additives, ink additives, etc. basically constitute the complete system of humic acid products in China.
Agriculture
In agriculture, humic acid fertilizers made by combining nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other essential nutrient elements (such as ammonium phytate fertilizers made by neutralizing humic acid with ammonia) have significant functions such as increasing fertilizer efficiency, improving soil structure, stimulating healthy crop growth, and effectively improving the quality and safety of agricultural products. Besides, nitrohumic acid can be used as an efficient acid regulator for rice seedling cultivation, which helps to optimize the seedling growth environment and promote strong seedlings.
Humic acid magnesium, humic acid zinc, and humic acid urea iron have good effects on supplementing soil magnesium deficiency, corn zinc deficiency, and fruit tree iron deficiency, respectively, effectively solving the problem of nutrient deficiency in crops and ensuring normal growth. In addition, mixing humic acid with herbicides such as herbicide ether and atrazine can not only improve the herbicidal efficacy but also inhibit their residual toxicity in the soil, reducing environmental pollution. Sodium humate is also effective in treating apple tree rot disease, helping to protect fruit tree health and reduce yield loss.
Animal husbandry
In the field of animal husbandry, sodium humate is used for deer antler hemostasis, and nitrohumic acid urea complex is also effective as a feed additive for cattle.
Industry
In industry, humic acid powder is widely used for adjusting ceramic clay materials, which can optimize the performance of clay and improve the quality of ceramic products. It also plays a role in scale prevention for low-pressure boilers and locomotive boilers, reducing the damage caused by scale and extending the service life of boilers. Humic acid ion exchangers are specially used to treat wastewater containing heavy metals, which can effectively adsorb and remove heavy metal ions in wastewater, realizing the purification of industrial wastewater.
Sodium sulfonated humic acid is used as a water reducing agent for cement, which can reduce the water consumption of cement and improve the strength and durability of concrete. In addition, humic acid products are also used as oil drilling mud treatment agents to improve the stability of drilling mud. Purified humic acid is used as a cathode expansion agent for lead-acid batteries, which helps to improve the performance and service life of batteries.
classification
According to the generation method, humic acid can be divided into primary humic acid and regenerated humic acid (including humic acid in naturally weathered coal and artificially oxidized coal).
According to their solubility and color in solvents, humic acid can be classified into humic acid, brown humic acid, and black humic acid. In earlier literature, there were also names for gray humic acid, brown humic acid, and green humic acid, which were actually separated from different solvents.
According to their natural binding state, they are further divided into free humic acid and (calcium, magnesium) bound humic acid.
According to the degree of humification (such as absorption coefficient) of humic acid, it is divided into A type, B type (true humic acid), RP type, and P type (immature humic acid).
In soil science, it is generally divided into two components: humic acid and fulvic acid.
Although there are various classifications of humic acid, they have little impact on our research and application work.
According to their sources, humic acid can be divided into two categories: natural humic acid and artificial humic acid. In natural humic acid, it is divided into soil humic acid, coal humic acid, water humic acid, and mold humic acid according to their existing fields.
Humus is a complex organic compound formed by long-term physical, chemical, and biological processes of animals and plants. It is present in water, sediment, and soil. Humus is a large molecular polymer with a complex chemical structure, containing active functional groups such as carboxyl, phenolic, and ketone groups. Its molecular weight ranges from 102 to 106. The composition of humic acid varies depending on its source. Humic acid can be divided into humic acid, also known as humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and humic substances based on its solubility in acid and alkali. The organic matter in natural drinking water, mainly HA, ranges in concentration from 20 μ g/L in groundwater to 30 mg/L in surface water. The higher the content, the worse the water quality and hygiene condition. The content of humic acid in general water sources is around 10 mg/L, accounting for 50% to 90% of the total organic matter in water. The presence of humic acid in natural drinking water sources has brought a series of impacts to humans, animals, and plants:
HA is a chelating agent for trace metal elements. The presence of humic acid can reduce the content of metal ions and trace elements in water, decrease mineralization, and disrupt the adsorption and balance of certain elements such as Ca, Mg, Mn, V, Mo, SO24- in the human body; On the other hand, it can affect the toxicity and bioavailability of metal ions.
Humic acid substances in water bodies are important precursors of halogenated by-products. Humic substances are prone to form disinfection by-products DBPs and trihalomethanes (THMs) during the chlorination process in water plants. According to reports, almost all aquatic natural organic matter may be chlorinated during disinfection, among which humic acid, which accounts for about half of dissolved aquatic organic matter, is the most important precursor substance for producing THMs. Research has shown that dissolved humic acids are the main precursors for the formation of MX (a highly mutagenic disinfection byproduct) in natural water bodies, and some phenols, aldehydes, and aromatic acid compounds may play important roles in the formation of MX.
Humic acid powder is one of the main environmental factors causing Kashin Beck disease. Residents in the Kashin Beck disease area often drink dark and damp cellar water, which does not receive sufficient sunlight exposure. The humic acid in the water undergoes less photolysis, resulting in high levels.
The acidification of water bodies causes changes in the properties of humic substances (HS), thereby affecting the environment. With the continuous deterioration of the human living environment, the formation of acid rain, the pH of natural water bodies such as lakes decreases, the organic nitrogen content increases, the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances decreases, the carbon content and acidity of carboxyl groups decrease, the oxygen content and acidity of phenols and aldehydes increase, leading to increased toxicity of fish and primary production of phytoplankton, and the disappearance of some major planktonic animal species, a decrease in giant plants, and an increase in epiphytes in the treated watershed.
The manufacturing of Humic Acid Powder mainly involves core steps such as raw material selection, extraction process, purification and drying. The production process needs to be optimized based on the characteristics of the raw materials and the target purity.
Raw Material Selection
The raw materials for humic acid powder are widely available and mainly consist of the following categories:
Coal types
Weathered coal, lignite, peat and other coal resources rich in humic acid are traditional production raw materials. For example, after being crushed, weathered coal can be used to extract potassium humic acid, which can then be used to prepare liquid mulch or fertilizer.
Plant residues
Peat, compost, straw and other organic waste can generate humic acid through microbial decomposition. These raw materials have strong environmental friendliness, but the fermentation conditions need to be controlled to ensure the content of humic acid.
Industrial by-products
Some waste liquids containing humic acid from chemical production processes can also be recycled and reused to reduce production costs.
Extraction process
The extraction of humic acid is usually carried out using chemical solvent methods. The core steps are as follows:
Alkaline dissolution: Mix the raw materials with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solutions and stir under heating conditions to dissolve humic acid and form a humic acid salt solution. For example, mix weathered coal with KOH at a weight ratio of 100:0.2~0.7, heat the mixture, and then let it stand to precipitate. Take the supernatant to obtain potassium humate solution.
Acid precipitation: Add sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the humic acid salt solution to adjust the pH to 1~2, causing humic acid to precipitate in the form of black powder. This step requires controlling the acidity and temperature to avoid co-precipitation of impurities.
Filtering and washing: Separate the humic acid precipitate by centrifugation or filtration, and wash it multiple times with deionized water to remove residual salts and impurities.
Purification and Drying
Purification
Solvent extraction: Further purify humic acid using organic solvents (such as ethanol, acetone) to remove pigments and small molecule impurities.
Ion exchange: Adsorb metal ions in humic acid using ion exchange resins to improve product purity.
Membrane separation technology: Use ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membranes to retain large molecular humic acid and achieve molecular-level separation.
Drying
Spray drying: Spray the humic acid solution into hot air to evaporate water instantly and obtain powder-like products. This method is highly efficient, but the inlet air temperature (usually 150~200℃) needs to be controlled to prevent the decomposition of humic acid.
Freeze drying: Freeze the humic acid solution and sublimate the water, retaining the product's activity, but it is more costly.
Vacuum drying: Dry at low temperature (50~80℃) and under reduced pressure, suitable for heat-sensitive substances, but the cycle is longer.
Control of Key Process Parameters
pH value
Precisely control the pH during extraction and purification to avoid damage to the humic acid structure. For example, the pH during acid precipitation needs to be strictly controlled at 1~2.
Temperature
The alkaline dissolution and drying temperatures need to be adjusted according to the characteristics of the raw materials. The alkaline dissolution temperature for coal-based raw materials is usually 60~80℃, while for plant residues, a lower temperature may be required to prevent degradation.
Time
The reaction time affects the yield and purity of humic acid. For example, the alkaline dissolution reaction needs to last for 2~4 hours to ensure complete dissolution.
Stirring speed
During extraction, stirring can accelerate the diffusion of solutes, but excessive shearing should be avoided to prevent the breakdown of humic acid molecules.
Quality Control
Purity testing
Determine the humic acid content by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, or analyze the impurity composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Solubility test
The humic acid powder should be easily soluble in alkaline solutions and slightly soluble in water. Its solubility reflects the effect of the extraction process.
Activity assessment
Verify the biological activity of humic acid through soil improvement experiments or plant growth tests, such as promoting seed germination and enhancing stress resistance.
Application Areas and Product Forms
Agricultural fertilizers
High-purity humic acid powder can be directly used as a soil amendment, or combined with potassium salts to make humic acid potassium fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and crop yield.
Environmental materials
Humic acid powder can be used to prepare liquid mulch films, with its fully degradable property solving the problem of plastic mulch pollution.
Research reagents
As laboratory standards, humic acid powder must meet high purity (>95%) and low impurity requirements, used in soil science, environmental chemistry, and other research fields.
FAQ
What is humic acid powder used for?
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Humic acid powder are derived from an organic plant deposits that are useful for the development of white root, increases water holding capacity in soil, transfers nutrients from soil to crop root and stimulates the production of chlorophyll. It helps the micro nutrients to penetrate the root nodules faster.
Is humic extract safe for pregnancy?
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When taken by mouth: There isn't enough reliable information to know if humic acid is safe or what the side effects might be. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if humic acid is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
What does humic acid do for your body?
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Humic acids improve nutrient absorption. They increase the permeability of cell membranes, allowing essential nutrients to pass through more efficiently. This means the body readily absorbs vitamins and minerals ingested into the bloodstream, enhancing their bioavailability.
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