Lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate, chemical formula La (NO3) 3.6h2o, (provide customized lanthanum trinitrate tetrahydrate, chemical formula La (NO3) 3.4h2o) white powder, crystalline, hygroscopic, melting point about 40 ℃, boiling point 126 ℃, soluble in water and ethanol, heated above the melting point to form alkali salt. Soluble in polar solutions such as anhydrous amine, ethanol and acetone. The addition of lanthanum nitrate can help to reduce the most suitable amount and optimum catalytic temperatur of calcium magnesium zinc three metal oxide catalytic system. However, this promotion will decrease with the increase of the proportion of lanthanum nitrate, and the addition of lanthanum trinitrate has no obvious effect on the optimum reaction time. The decrease of reaction time and temperatur shows that the addition of lanthanum trinitrate is conducive to reduce the cost of biodiesel preparation process and realize industrial application. The modified catalyst has rich pore structure, which is conducive to its transesterification reaction, which explains its good catalytic effect to a certain extent.
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Chemical Formula |
H12LaN3O15 |
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Exact Mass |
433 |
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Molecular Weight |
433 |
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m/z |
433 (100.0%), 435 (3.1%), 434 (1.1%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
H, 2.79; La, 32.08; N, 9.70; O, 55.42 |
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Morphological |
solid |
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Color |
White to light yellow |
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Melting point |
65 – 68 °C |
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Boiling point |
126 ° C |
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This is our advanced product Ianthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate .
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Lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate, with the chemical formula La (NO3) 3 · 6H2O, is a white crystalline powder with strong oxidizing properties, hygroscopicity, and good water solubility. As a representative compound of lanthanide elements, it has demonstrated unique application value in fields such as optics, electronics, catalysis, materials science, and biomedical sciences.
Lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate) is a key raw material for manufacturing high-performance optical glass, and the introduction of its lanthanu ion (La ³ ⁺) can significantly improve the optical properties of the glass.
High refractive index and low dispersion glass
Lanthanide glass can increase its refractive index to 1.8-1.95 by doping lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate), while controlling the Abbe number (dispersion coefficient) between 30-50. This low dispersion and high refraction characteristic makes it an ideal material for camera lenses, microscope objectives, and telescope lenses. For example, in the Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8L lens, lanthanide glass accounts for 30%, significantly improving imaging clarity.
Radiation resistant and laser resistant glass
In the nuclear industry, glass doped with lanthanu nitrate (hexahydrate) can withstand high-dose radiation and is used to manufacture observation windows for nuclear reactors. In addition, lanthanu ions, as laser active ions, can be co doped with neodymium ions (Nd ³ ⁺) to prepare efficient laser glass, which is applied in laser cutting, medical beauty, and communication fields.
Fluorescent powder matrix material
As a matrix material, it can be co doped with rare earth ions such as europium ions (Eu ³ ⁺) and terbium ions (Tb ³ ⁺) to synthesize red and green phosphors. For example, in LED lighting, the luminescence efficiency of lanthanide based phosphors can reach 80-90 lm/W, significantly higher than traditional phosphors.
The application in the field of electronic materials mainly focuses on the preparation of ceramic capacitors, cathode materials, and ternary catalysts.
Ceramic capacitor additive
In multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC), as a dopant, it can reduce dielectric loss (tan δ<0.1%) and increase the dielectric constant to 2000-5000. For example, Murata's X7R series capacitors achieved capacity stability in the temperatur range of -55 ℃ to 125 ℃ by doping lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate).
Lanthanum tungsten/lanthanu molybdenum cathode material
Reacting with tungstate or molybdate can generate lanthanu tungsten (La ₂ O ∝ - W) or lanthanum molybdenum (La ₂ O ∝ - Mo) composite materials. This type of material has low work function (2.7-3.2 eV) and high emission current density (>10 A/cm ²), and is widely used in electron microscope filaments, traveling wave tubes, and X-ray tubes.
Core components of ternary catalyst
As an additive in automobile exhaust purification, it can enhance the activity of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) catalysts. For example, in the three-way catalyst for gasoline vehicles, the doping of lanthanu can increase the conversion efficiency of CO, HC, and NOx by 15%, 10%, and 8%, respectively, meeting the National VI emission standards.
The applications in the field of catalysis cover organic synthesis, environmental governance, and energy conversion.
Organic synthesis catalyst
As a homogeneous catalyst, lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate can catalyze reactions such as ester exchange, condensation, and alkylation. For example, in the synthesis of α - aminonitrile, the reaction yield catalyzed by lanthanu nitrate (hexahydrate) can reach 90%, much higher than the 60% catalyzed by traditional sulfuric acid. In addition, it can also be used to prepare biodiesel by catalyzing the ester exchange reaction between methanol and vegetable oil, increasing the conversion rate to over 95%.
Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants
High efficiency photocatalysts can be prepared by combining with titanium dioxide (TiO ₂). For example, La ³ ⁺/TiO ₂ nanotubes can degrade methyl orange up to 98% under ultraviolet light irradiation and can be reused more than 10 times. This type of material has broad application prospects in the fields of wastewater treatment, air purification, and self-cleaning coatings.
Electrocatalytic hydrogen production
In hydrogen production by electrolysis of water, nickel based catalysts doped with lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate) can reduce overpotential (η<200 mV) and increase current density to over 100 mA/cm ². For example, the hydrogen production efficiency of La-Ni/C catalyst in alkaline electrolyte is 2.5 times that of pure nickel catalyst.
The applications in the field of materials science mainly focus on the preparation of nanomaterials, adsorbent materials, and energy storage materials.
Synthesis of Lanthanum based Nanomaterials
Through hydrothermal method or sol gel method, lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate) can synthesize LaMnO ∨ perovskite type nanoparticles, LaF ∨ up conversion fluorescent nanoparticles and LaPO ₄ nanorods. For example, LaMnO3 nanoparticles can be used as positive electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries, with a specific capacity of up to 180 mAh/g and a cycle life of over 500 times.
Heavy metal adsorbent material
By combining with zeolite, efficient phosphorus removal adsorbents can be prepared. For example, La zeolite has an adsorption capacity of up to 120 mg/g for phosphate ions in the pH range of 4-9, and can be regenerated and reused with hydrochloric acid. This type of material has significant effects in the treatment of eutrophic water bodies.
Solid-state electrolyte dopant
In all solid state lithium batteries, the doped LLZO (Li7La3Zr2O12) electrolyte can increase the ion conductivity to 10 ⁻ S/cm while inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. For example, the conductivity of LLZO electrolyte doped with La ³ ⁺ at 25 ℃ is three times that of undoped material.
The applications in the biomedical field mainly focus on electron microscopy tracing and drug delivery systems.
Electron microscope tracer
Lanthanum ion (La ³ ⁺) has a high electron density (Z=57) and can be used as a tracer to label cell junction structures. For example, in the study of the stratum corneum of the skin, lanthanum nitrate (hexahydrate) solution can penetrate and destroy the stratum corneum, and the distribution of lanthanum elements can be observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the barrier function of the stratum corneum.
Drug delivery carrier
By reacting with phosphate, LaPO ₄ nanoparticles can be prepared as drug carriers. For example, LaPO ₄ nanoparticles loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin can release 80% of the drug in the tumor microenvironment at pH 5.0, while only releasing 10% in normal tissue at pH 7.4, achieving targeted drug delivery.
radioactive tracer
By neutron activation, ¹⁴⁰ La radioactive isotopes can be prepared for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. For example, antibodies labeled with ¹⁴⁰ La can increase the signal-to-noise ratio to 10:1 in tumor diagnosis, significantly higher than the traditional ¹⁸ F labeled 5:1.
Metal smelting additives
In the extraction of gold and platinum, it can be used as a flotation agent or precipitant to improve the metal recovery rate. For example, in cyanide extraction of gold, the addition of lanthanum ions can increase the gold leaching rate from 90% to 95%.
preservative
Lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate combined with sodium molybdate can be used to prepare efficient anti-corrosion coatings. For example, in seawater environments, La Mo anti-corrosion coatings can protect carbon steel with a protection efficiency of up to 98% and can last for more than 5 years.
Analytical chemical reagents
As an oxidant, it can be used to determine reducing substances such as thiosulfate and iodide ions. For example, in the iodometric method, the endpoint error of titration can be controlled within ± 0.1%.
Sodium p-toluenesulfonate (CAS number: 824-79-3) is an important organic synthetic intermediate, and its chemical properties involve multiple dimensions such as molecular structure, solubility, stability, reactivity, and safety characteristics. Starting from the core chemical properties, a systematic analysis will be conducted based on their reaction mechanisms and application scenarios
Molecular Structure and Basic Properties
The molecular formula of sodium p-toluenesulfonic acid is C7H7NaO2S, with a molecular weight of 178.18. It forms a salt by combining p-toluenesulfonic acid with sodium ions. Its structural features include:
Sulfonic acid group (- SO2 ⁻): The sulfur atom exists in a+4 oxidation state and has a hydrogen peroxide structure (S=O and S-O), endowing the molecule with strong nucleophilicity and weak acidity.
P-Toluene group (- C ₆ H ₄ CH3): a para substituted methyl group with a benzene ring, providing steric hindrance and electronic effects, affecting reaction selectivity.
Sodium ion (NaE): acts as a counter ion to balance the charge and enhance water solubility.
physical property:
Appearance: White to off white crystalline powder, highly hygroscopic, prone to clumping when exposed to high humidity environments.
Melting point:>300 ℃ (before decomposition), indicating high thermal stability.
Solubility: Easily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether, slightly soluble in acetone, insoluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene and chloroform.
PH value: A 10% aqueous solution has a pH range of 7-9.5 and is weakly alkaline.
Chemical stability and reaction conditions
Thermal stability:
Stable at room temperatur, but high temperatur (>150 ℃) or strong acidic conditions (pH<2) may lead to the decomposition of sulfite groups, producing p-toluenesulfonic acid and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Decomposition reaction: C7H7SO2 ⁻ Na ⁺ → C7H7SO3H+Na ⁺+SO2 ↑.
Redox:
Weak reducibility: The sulfonic acid group can be oxidized by strong oxidants (such as potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide) to p-toluenesulfonic acid (C7H7SO3 ⁻).
Oxidation: Under specific conditions (such as reaction with thiols), it can act as a mild oxidant to oxidize thiols into disulfides.
Acid base reaction:
Reacts with strong acids (such as hydrochloric acid) to generate p-toluenesulfonic acid (C7H7SO2H), while releasing sodium chloride (NaCl).
Stable when coexisting with alkali (such as sodium hydroxide), but excessive alkali may promote hydrolysis.
Core reactivity and applications
Its chemical properties make it widely used in organic synthesis, with the main reaction types including:
1. Nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2 mechanism)
Mechanism: The sulfite ion (- SO2 ⁻) acts as a strong nucleophile to attack the alpha carbon of halogenated hydrocarbons, generating p-toluenesulfonic acid esters.
Example reaction:
C7H7SO2⁻Na⁺ + R-X → C7H7SO2-R + NaX
(X=Cl, Br, I; R=alkyl, aryl)
Application:
Synthesis of p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isonitrile (TosmiC), an important precursor for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.
Preparation of drug intermediates, such as the key intermediate of the antidepressant Sertraline.
2. Oxidation reaction
As an oxidant:
Under mild conditions (such as reaction with thiol), thiol (R-SH) can be oxidized to disulfide (R-S-S-R) and reduced to p-toluenesulfonic acid (C7H7SH).
Example reaction:
2 C7H7SO2⁻Na⁺ + 2 R-SH → 2 C7H7SH + R-S-S-R + 2 Na⁺
Application:
Synthesize sulfur-containing functional materials, such as polymer sulfides.
Protection and deprotection of thiol groups in drug synthesis.
3. Acid catalysis and dehydration reaction
Acid catalysis:
The weak acidity of sulfonic acid groups makes them suitable as acid catalysts to promote esterification, condensation, and other reactions.
Example: Catalytic esterification reaction of acetic acid and ethanol, with a yield increase of 10% -15%.
Dehydration reaction:
At high temperaturs (>120 ℃), it can promote the dehydration of alcohols to produce olefins.
Example:
C7H7SO2⁻Na⁺ + R-CH2-OH → C7H7SO2H + R-CH=CH2 + NaOH
4. Metal ion coordination
The sulfite ion can form coordination compounds with transition metals (such as Cu ² ⁺, Fe ³ ⁺) for catalytic oxidation reactions.
Example: Cu ² ⁺ - lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate complex catalyzes the oxidation of phenol to p-benzoquinone, with a conversion rate of 90%.
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