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Gallium(III) chloride, also known as gallium (III) chloride, CAS 13450-90-3, Cl3Ga. It is an inorganic compound that typically exists in a solid form of white or light yellow. It has a powdered or crystalline form. It has moderate solubility in water and releases a large amount of heat. Soluble in organic solvents such as ether and benzene, soluble in liquid ammonia to form ammonia complexes. Wet hydrolysis in the air leads to smoke, and gas exists as dimers at around 270 ℃. Hydrolyze and produce smoke when humid in the air. Gas exists in dimeric form at approximately 270 ° C. Trivalent gallium exists in the form of GaO33 GaO2- in aqueous solutions above pH 6. It has good conductivity, and its conductivity is related to temperature and concentration. It does not have magnetism in the solid state, but may exhibit certain magnetism in the liquid or gas state. As an inorganic compound, it has high density, wide melting point range, good optical and electrical conductivity, and applications in multiple fields. It has applications in multiple fields, such as semiconductors, solar cells, lasers, etc. It is also used to manufacture other gallium compounds, such as gallium salts, gallium oxides, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
Cl3Ga |
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Exact Mass |
174 |
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Molecular Weight |
176 |
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m/z |
176, m/z: 174 (100.0%), 176 (95.9%), 176 (66.4%), 178 (63.6%), 178 (30.6%), 180 (20.3%), 180 (3.3%), 182 (2.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Cl, 60.40; Ga, 39.60 |
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Morphological |
beads |
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Color |
white |
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Melting point |
78 ° C (lit.) |
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Boiling point |
35 ° C |
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Density |
2.47 g / ml at 25 ° C (lit.) |
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Gallium(III) chloride (GaCl3), as an inorganic compound, has shown extensive application value in fields such as semiconductors, catalysts, batteries, optical materials, organic synthesis, and spectroscopic analysis due to its unique chemical and physical properties. The following is a systematic review of its uses from six core areas.
The application in the semiconductor field is one of its most important uses, especially in the manufacturing of compound semiconductors and optoelectronic devices.
1. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Precursor
It is the core precursor for preparing III-V compound semiconductors (such as gallium nitride and gallium arsenide) in chemical vapor deposition technology. During the CVD process, gallium chloride decomposes at high temperatures, and gallium atoms combine with elements such as nitrogen and arsenic to form a uniform and dense semiconductor film on the substrate. These films have characteristics such as high electron mobility and high breakdown voltage, and are widely used in high-frequency, high-speed, and high-power electronic devices, such as 5G communication base stations, radar systems, and satellite communication equipment.
2. LED substrate material
As a substrate material, it provides structural support and optical performance optimization for LED chips. Its wide bandgap, high thermal conductivity, and strong radiation resistance make LEDs based on gallium chloride substrates have higher luminous efficiency and longer service life. For example, LED leading companies such as Liad have adopted gallium chloride substrates, significantly improving the light efficiency and reliability of their products, and promoting the upgrading of LED lighting and display technology.
3. Semiconductor dopant
Can be used for doping semiconductor materials by introducing gallium ions to regulate the electrical properties of semiconductors. For example, doping gallium into silicon-based semiconductors can form P-type semiconductors, which combine with N-type semiconductors to form PN junctions, realizing the functions of basic electronic devices such as diodes and transistors.
Battery Technology: Innovator in Energy Storage
The application in the field of batteries mainly focuses on lithium thionyl chloride (LTC) batteries and lithium-ion batteries, improving battery performance by optimizing the electrolyte system.
1. Lithium thionyl chloride battery electrolyte salt
In LTC batteries, as a precursor material for the electrolyte salt LiGaCl ₄, gallium(III) chloride can improve the ion conductivity and chemical stability of the electrolyte. LiGaCl ₄ has a high decomposition voltage (>4V) and a wide electrochemical window, making LTC batteries have high energy density (>500Wh/kg) and long cycle life (>10 years), widely used in military communications, aerospace, and remote monitoring fields.
2. Positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries
It can be used as an additive for positive electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries, by forming gallium lithium solid solution to suppress the phase transition and volume expansion of electrode materials, and improve the cycling stability and safety of batteries. For example, adding gallium chloride to the positive electrode of lithium cobalt oxide can increase the number of battery cycles from 500 to over 1000, while reducing the risk of thermal runaway.
Optical Materials: Fusion of Transparency and Functionality
The application in the field of optics is mainly reflected in the preparation of optical glass and the packaging of optoelectronic devices, utilizing its high transmittance and chemical stability to optimize optical performance.
1. Optical glass manufacturing
It can be used as a dopant for optical glass to change the refractive index, dispersion, and transmittance of the glass by regulating the concentration and distribution of galium ions. For example, doping galium chloride into fluoride glass can prepare low loss, high bandwidth optical materials suitable for optical fiber communication, promoting the development of optical communication technology.
2. Optoelectronic device packaging
Packaging materials that can be used for optoelectronic devices, by forming a dense galium oxide protective layer to isolate water vapor and oxygen, extend the service life of the device. For example, in solar cell packaging, galium chloride coating can reduce the attenuation rate of the cell from 5% per year to below 1%, significantly improving energy conversion efficiency.
The chlorination method is a commonly used method for synthesizing Gallium(III) Chloride. The steps and corresponding chemical equations of this method will be described in detail below.
Ga + Cl2 → GaCl3
Experimental preparation:
Before starting the experiment, it is necessary to prepare the necessary experimental materials and equipment. Ensure that all materials and equipment are in a dry and clean state.
(1) Galium powder: Choose high-purity galium powder, store it in a dry place, and ensure that it is not contaminated before use. Accurately weigh the required mass of galium powder using an electronic balance.
(2) Chlorine gas: Use high-purity chlorine gas to ensure the accuracy of the reaction and the purity of the product. Ensure that chlorine gas is kept dry during storage and use. Use gas cylinders or gas pipelines to introduce chlorine gas into the experimental apparatus.
Heating equipment: Select appropriate heating equipment, such as an electric heating jacket or a high-temperature furnace, to control the temperature of the reaction. Preheat the heating equipment to the desired temperature.
(3) Drying equipment: Use desiccants or dryers to ensure the dryness of the experimental environment and avoid the influence of moisture on the reaction. Place the desiccant or dryer near the experimental device to maintain a dry experimental environment.
(4) Experimental equipment: Prepare beakers, mixers, droppers, and other experimental equipment to ensure they are clean and in good working condition. Clean the experimental equipment with detergent and rinse thoroughly with deionized water.
Experimental steps:
Add an appropriate amount of gallium powder to a dry beaker. Ensure that the galium powder is not contaminated and remains dry. Accurately weigh the required mass of galium powder using an electronic balance and add it to a beaker.
Slowly add an appropriate amount of chlorine gas to the beaker using a dropper or other appropriate tool. Pay attention to controlling the flow rate of chlorine gas to avoid excess. Chlorine should be slowly introduced into the beaker to avoid excessive reaction.
Gently stir the mixture with a stirrer until the galium powder comes into full contact with chlorine gas. The stirring speed should not be too fast to avoid generating a large amount of heat. Gently stir the mixture with a stirrer to ensure that the galium powder and chlorine gas are thoroughly mixed.
Place the beaker on a heating device, such as an electric heating jacket or a high-temperature furnace. Control the heating temperature according to the reaction requirements. Pay attention to the changes in temperature and maintain a stable temperature. Place the beaker on the heating equipment and control the heating temperature within an appropriate range.
During the reaction process, observe the changes in the mixture. When the mixture becomes colorless and transparent, it indicates that the reaction has been completed. Record the reaction time and observe for any side effects. Pay attention to the color changes of the mixture and the generation of bubbles to determine whether the reaction is complete.
Stop heating and let the beaker cool naturally to room temperature. Be careful not to cool too quickly to avoid incomplete crystallization of the product or the generation of other by-products. Remove the beaker from the heating equipment and place it in a well ventilated area to cool naturally to room temperature.
Filter the reaction products to remove unreacted galium powder and impurities. Use appropriate filters or filter paper for filtering operations. Collect the filtrate after filtration and observe for the formation of sediment.
Recrystallize rough galium chloride to improve product purity. The specific steps of recrystallization may vary depending on experimental conditions and equipment, and may need to be adjusted according to actual conditions. Evaporate and concentrate the crude galium chloride solution, cool and crystallize it to improve the purity of the product.
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