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Lead(II) bromide is an inorganic compound that appears as white to pale yellow crystals or powder. It is slightly soluble in water (with a solubility of approximately 4.47 g/100 mL at 20 ° C) and easily soluble in hydrobromic acid, potassium bromide solution, and hot ethanol. It is sensitive to light and easily decomposes under illumination. The substance partially hydrolyzes in water to form an alkaline solution. It reacts with alkali metal bromides to form coordination compounds, which decompose into metal lead and bromine at high temperatures. Reacts with chlorine gas to produce bromine and lead chloride. It is used to prepare perovskite solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as a key material for optoelectronic devices, for the preparation of other lead compounds, and as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine.
Additional information of chemical compound:
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Chemical Formula |
C8H6O6 |
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Exact Mass |
198.02 |
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Molecular Weight |
198.13 |
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m/z |
198.02 (100.0%), 199.02 (8.7%), 200.02 (1.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 48.50; H, 3.05; O, 48.45 |
|
Melting point |
371℃(lit.) |
|
Boiling point |
892℃(lit.) |
|
Density |
6.66 g/mL at 25℃(lit.) |
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Lead(II) bromide, with the chemical formula PbBr ₂, is an inorganic compound that exhibits unique physical and chemical properties, making it widely applicable in various fields. The following will provide a detailed explanation of its application in various aspects:
Application in Optoelectronic Materials
Perovskite solar cells are a rapidly developing new photovoltaic technology in recent years, with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency exceeding 25%, demonstrating enormous commercial potential. Perovskite materials have the advantages of high absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, and low defect density, making them a star material in the field of photovoltaics. Lead bromide, as an important component of perovskite materials, is mainly used for the preparation of perovskite compounds such as methylamine lead bromide (CH ∝ NH ∝ PbBr ∝) and methylamine lead bromide (HC (NH ₂) ₂ PbBr ∝). Meng Gang, a research team of Anguang Institute, Hefei Institute of Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, used powder hot pressing to prepare CsPbBr ∨ polycrystalline blocks with regular shape and controllable size, and successfully prepared high-performance planar photodetectors. The detector exhibits ultra fast light response and extremely low detection limit, indicating that lead bromide based perovskite materials have great potential in weak light detection. Through solution treatment technology, lead bromide based perovskite materials can be deposited on flexible substrates to achieve the preparation of flexible solar cells. This flexible battery has the characteristics of being bendable and foldable, making it suitable for wearable devices and portable electronic products. Lead bromide based perovskite solar cells can maintain high photoelectric conversion efficiency in low light indoor environments, making them suitable for IoT sensors and indoor lighting systems.
Light Emitting Diode
Light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that can directly convert electrical energy into light energy, with advantages such as high efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection. The application of lead bromide in the LED field is mainly reflected in the preparation of perovskite quantum dot LEDs. By combining lead bromide based perovskite quantum dots with flexible substrates, bendable and foldable LED devices can be prepared. This flexible LED has broad application prospects in wearable electronic devices and flexible display technology. By regulating the composition and structure of lead bromide based perovskite quantum dots, white light emission can be achieved. This white LED has high color rendering index and light efficiency, making it suitable for solid-state lighting and display devices.
Photodetectors are devices that can convert optical signals into electrical signals and are widely used in fields such as optical communication, optical imaging, and environmental monitoring. The application of lead bromide in photodetectors is mainly reflected in the preparation of perovskite based photodetectors. The team of Anguang Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Institute of Materials Research has prepared high-quality CsPbBr ∨ single crystals using solution refining strategy, and successfully prepared ultra sensitive weak light photodetectors. This detector has an extremely low detection limit and ultra fast light response speed, making it suitable for low light detection and imaging fields. By regulating the composition and structure of lead bromide based perovskite materials, multi band optoelectronic detection can be achieved. This multi band detector has broad application prospects in military reconnaissance, environmental monitoring, and other fields. By combining lead bromide based perovskite photodetectors with microelectronics technology, integrated and intelligent photodetection systems can be developed. This system has the advantages of small size, light weight, and low power consumption, and is suitable for portable and embedded applications.
Application in laser materials
Laser materials are the core components of laser technology, and their performance directly affects the output characteristics and application range of lasers. The application of lead bromide in laser materials is mainly reflected in the preparation of perovskite quantum dot lasers. Lead bromide based perovskite quantum dot lasers have a low laser emission threshold and are suitable for miniaturized and integrated laser systems. By adjusting the size and composition of quantum dots, lead bromide based perovskite quantum dot lasers can achieve wavelength tunability from visible light to near-infrared light, making them suitable for fields such as spectroscopic analysis and optical communication. Lead bromide based perovskite quantum dot lasers have potential application value in biomedical imaging and therapy. Its low toxicity, high brightness, and tunability make it an ideal light source in the biomedical field.
Photolithography technology is one of the key technologies in semiconductor manufacturing and micro/nano processing, and its accuracy and efficiency directly affect the performance and cost of devices. The application of Lead(II) bromide in photolithography technology is mainly reflected in the preparation of perovskite type quantum dot photoresist. Professor Zhong Haizheng's team at Beijing Institute of Technology has successfully prepared high-resolution perovskite type quantum dot patterns through direct in-situ lithography technology using lead bromide complex catalyzed photopolymerization. This high-resolution lithography technology provides a new solution for micro nano processing and semiconductor manufacturing. By utilizing the photosensitivity and tunability of lead bromide based perovskite quantum dots, three-dimensional lithography patterns can be prepared. This 3D lithography technology has broad application prospects in fields such as micro nano optics and biochips. By combining lead bromide based perovskite quantum dot photoresist with a flexible substrate, bendable and foldable photolithography patterns can be prepared. This flexible lithography technology has important application value in wearable electronic devices and flexible display technology.
Application in the pigment industry
Lead(II) bromide can be used to prepare pigments such as lead yellow. During the preparation process, lead bromide reacts chemically with other pigment components to form pigments with specific colors and properties. For example, the preparation of lead yellow pigment typically involves the reaction of lead bromide with other metal oxides or salts. The lead ions in lead bromide combine with anions in other substances to form new compounds, which have a yellow appearance and good coloring properties. The lead yellow pigment prepared by lead bromide has good covering power, coloring power, and light resistance. Covering power refers to the ability of pigments to cover the original color of the surface of the coated object. Lead yellow pigments have strong covering power and can effectively cover the underlying color in coatings, inks, and other fields. Coloring power refers to the ability of pigments to impart color to the object being painted. Lead yellow pigments can present a bright yellow color, meeting the color requirements of different application scenarios. Light resistance refers to the ability of pigments to maintain color stability under light conditions. Lead yellow pigments have good light resistance, are not easily faded, and are suitable for long-term outdoor use.
Application in Printing and Dyeing and Photography Industry
Lead bromide can be used as a pigment ingredient in the printing and dyeing industry. It can be used in combination with other dyes and additives to improve the coloring performance and dyeing effect of dyes. For example, in some textile dyeing processes, adding an appropriate amount of lead bromide can increase the dye's affinity for fibers, making the color more vivid and uniform. At the same time, lead bromide can also adjust the color of dyes, making the dyed textiles present a specific color tone. Lead bromide also has important applications in the photography industry. It can be used as an additive in photographic materials, affecting the photosensitive performance and imaging quality of photographic films. Lead bromide can interact with other components in photographic film, changing the sensitivity of the film to light, thereby improving the clarity and color reproduction of photography. For example, in some black and white photographic films, the addition of lead bromide can make the film more responsive to different wavelengths of light, resulting in better contrast and layering in the captured photos.
Analytical Chemistry: A Powerful Assistant for Detection and Separation
Lead (II) bromide can be used to detect certain specific cations. Similarly, for mercury ions (Hg ₂ ² ⁺), it can also react with bromide ions to produce orange mercurous bromide (Hg ₂ Br ₂) precipitate, with the reaction formula: Hg ₂ ² ⁺+2Br ⁻=Hg ₂ Br ₂ ↓, thereby achieving the detection of mercury ions. It can also be used in combination with other reagents to achieve more complex ion detection. For example, when detecting lead ions (Pb ² ⁺), although lead (II) bromide itself contains lead ions, under specific conditions, its differences in reaction with other substances can be used to detect externally introduced lead ions. For example, adding an excess of sodium sulfide (Na ₂ S) solution to the test solution first, if lead ions are present in the solution, black lead sulfide (PbS) precipitation will be generated. Then add lead (II) bromide solution to the precipitate. If the precipitate dissolves and regenerates lead (II) bromide precipitate, it indicates the presence of lead ions in the original solution. This is because the solubility product of lead sulfide is smaller than that of lead bromide. In lead (II) bromide solution, lead sulfide will gradually transform into lead bromide, and the color and state of the precipitate will change during the reaction process, thus achieving the detection of lead ions.
Spectral analysis detection
Lead (II) bromide can be used as a standard substance or sample pretreatment reagent in atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis. When using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the content of lead element in a sample, it is necessary to accurately prepare a series of lead standard solutions of different concentrations to draw the standard curve. Lead (II) bromide can be dissolved in appropriate solvents to prepare a precise concentration standard solution. By measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by these standard solutions, establish a linear relationship between absorbance and lead concentration. Then, the same processing and measurement are carried out on the test sample, and the lead content in the sample is determined based on its position on the standard curve. In addition, in the pretreatment process of certain samples, lead (II) bromide can be used to precipitate or chelate other interfering elements, reducing their interference with lead element determination and improving the accuracy of the determination. It also has certain applications in fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Some compounds or systems containing lead (II) bromide can produce fluorescent signals under specific conditions.
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