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Sodium 1-pentanesulfonate monohydrate, with the chemical formula C5H11NaO3S, CAS 22767-49-3, It is an important chemical substance with wide applications in scientific research and industrial fields. It usually appears as white to light yellow crystals or powder, odorless, and does not emit a noticeable odor. The solubility in water varies with temperature. At 20 ° C, its solubility in water is about 0.5M, appearing as a colorless and clear solution. This property enables sodium pentane sulfonate to be uniformly dispersed in aqueous solution, which is beneficial for its application in scientific research and industrial fields.
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Chemical Formula |
C5H13NaO4S |
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Exact Mass |
192.04 |
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Molecular Weight |
192.20 |
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m/z |
192.04 (100.0%), 193.05 (5.4%), 194.04 (4.5%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 31.25; H, 6.82; Na, 11.96; O, 33.30; S, 16.68 |
As an ionic compound, it can ionize ions in aqueous solution and therefore has a certain conductivity. As an ionic compound, it has a certain reactivity. For example, it can react with acids to generate corresponding acid salts; It can also react with alkali to generate corresponding basic salts. In addition, sodium pentane sulfonate can also participate in some organic synthesis reactions, such as esterification reactions, sulfonation reactions, etc. These reactivity make sodium pentane sulfonate have broad application prospects in the field of chemical synthesis.
Sodium 1-pentanesulfonate monohydrate, also known as NaPS, is a multifunctional anionic surfactant with wide applications in the field of biological science research.
1. Application as an ion pair chromatography reagent
As an ion pair reagent, it plays a crucial role in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ion pair chromatography is a special liquid chromatography technique that utilizes the interaction between ion pair reagents and analytes to achieve separation and detection of analytes. The aqueous buffer system composed of inorganic salts such as phosphate and acetate, as well as organic improvers such as methanol and acetonitrile, can form stable ion pairs that are retained on the reverse phase column, thereby achieving the separation of analytes with different charges and polarities.
(1) Separation and Analysis of Proteins and Peptides
In biochemical research, it is commonly used for the separation and analysis of proteins and peptides. Proteins and peptides are important participants in life activities, with complex structures and diverse functions. By using HPLC technology and sodium pentane sulfonate as an ion pair reagent, these biomolecules can be effectively separated and purified, and their structures and functions can be studied.
For example, it can be used to separate and analyze proteins with specific biological activities such as cell membrane proteins, enzymes, hormones, etc.
(2) Analysis of drug metabolites
In the process of drug development, it is also commonly used for the analysis of drug metabolites. After entering the body, drugs undergo a series of metabolic processes, producing various metabolites.
These metabolites have significant impacts on the pharmacological effects, toxicity, and excretion of drugs. By combining HPLC technology with sodium pentane sulfonate as an ion pair reagent, these metabolites can be effectively separated and detected, providing strong technical support for pharmacokinetic studies and safety evaluations of drugs.
(3) Analysis of Trace Components in Biological Samples
It can also be used for the analysis of trace components in biological samples.
Biological samples such as blood, urine, tissues, etc. contain complex components, many of which have extremely low levels but have important biological significance. By combining HPLC technology with ion pair reagents, sensitive detection of these trace components can be achieved, providing a powerful tool for the discovery of biomarkers and disease diagnosis.
2. Application as a surfactant
As an anionic surfactant, it has excellent surface activity and wetting properties. It can form stable foam in aqueous solution, and reduce the surface tension of water, thus playing the role of solubilization, dispersion, emulsification, etc. These properties make sodium pentane sulfonate widely used in the field of biological science research.
(1) Promote the dissolution of proteins and membrane proteins
It can promote the dissolution of proteins and membrane proteins. Proteins are the basic substances of life activities, and membrane proteins are important components of cell membranes with various important physiological functions.
However, many proteins and membrane proteins are prone to precipitation or aggregation during the dissolution process, which affects the study of their structure and function. As a surfactant, it can reduce the interaction force between proteins and membrane proteins, promote their dissolution and dispersion, thereby facilitating subsequent separation, purification, and structural analysis.
(2) Extracting lipids and other hydrophobic molecules
Sodium pentane sulfonate can also be used to extract lipids and other hydrophobic molecules. Lipids are one of the main components of biological membranes and have multiple important physiological functions. However, lipids are easily affected by various factors during the extraction process, such as temperature, pH value, solvent, etc.
Sodium pentane sulfonate, as a surfactant, can stabilize the state of lipid molecules in aqueous solution and improve the efficiency of lipid extraction. At the same time, it can also be used to extract other hydrophobic molecules, such as carotenoids, vitamin E, etc.
(3) Enhance the stability of biomolecules
It can also enhance the stability of biomolecules. Biological molecules such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, etc. are prone to denaturation or degradation under specific conditions, which can affect the study of their structure and function. As a surfactant, it can form stable complexes with biomolecules, protecting them from external environmental influences and thus improving their stability.
3. Application in protein purification and characterization
It also plays an important role in protein purification and characterization. Protein purification is an important technique in biochemical research, which involves separating proteins with specific biological activities from complex biological samples. As a surfactant, it can be used in the purification process of proteins to improve the separation efficiency and purity of proteins. Meanwhile, it can also be used for protein characterization, such as determining the molecular weight, isoelectric point, and other physicochemical properties of proteins.
(1) Ligands in affinity chromatography
In affinity chromatography technology, it can act as a ligand to bind to specific proteins, achieving protein separation and purification. Affinity chromatography is a separation technique based on specific interactions between biomolecules, which utilizes the interaction force between ligands and target proteins to separate target proteins from complex biological samples. As a ligand, it can bind to proteins with specific structures to form stable complexes, thereby achieving protein separation and purification.
(2) Determination of protein molecular weight
It can also be used for the determination of protein molecular weight. Protein molecular weight is an important physicochemical property of proteins, which reflects the size and structure of protein molecules. Through gel filtration chromatography and other technologies combined with it as mobile phase, the molecular weight of protein can be determined according to the diffusion rate of protein molecules in gel. This method has the advantages of easy operation and accurate results, and has been widely used in biochemical research.
4. Application in protein-protein interaction research
Sodium 1-pentanesulfonate monohydrate also plays an important role in the study of protein-protein interactions. Protein protein interactions are one of the foundations of life activities, involving various biological processes such as signal transduction, cell apoptosis, immune response, etc. As a surfactant, it can be used to study protein-protein interactions, revealing their molecular mechanisms and biological significance.
(1) Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
Surface plasmon resonance technology is an optical based technique for analyzing the interactions between biomolecules. It utilizes the plasmon resonance effect on the surface of metal thin films to detect the interactions between biomolecules. It can be used as a surfactant to improve the adsorption and stability of biomolecules on metal film surfaces, thereby enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of surface plasmon resonance technology.
(2) Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology is a biomolecule interaction analysis technique based on the principle of fluorescence. It utilizes energy transfer between two fluorescent molecules to detect their distance and interaction. It can be used as a surfactant to improve the stability and dispersion of fluorescent molecules in aqueous solutions, thereby enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology. Meanwhile, sodium pentane sulfonate can also be used to label biomolecules such as proteins, providing strong support for the application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology.
5. Application in Cell Biology
It also has potential application value in cell biology. Cells are the fundamental units of life activities, possessing complex structures and diverse functions. As a surfactant, it can be used to study the structure and function of cells, revealing their biological significance.
(1) Regulation of cell membrane permeability
The cell membrane is a barrier between cells and the external environment, with the function of selectively transporting substances. As a surfactant, it can alter the permeability of the cell membrane and promote the transport of substances on the cell membrane. This effect can be used to study the structure and function of cell membranes, as well as the mechanisms of substance transport on cell membranes.
(2) Induction and inhibition of cell apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that involves the interaction and signaling pathways of multiple biomolecules. As a surfactant, it can affect intracellular signaling pathways and interactions with biomolecules, thereby inducing or inhibiting the occurrence of cell apoptosis. This effect can be used to study the molecular mechanisms and biological significance of cell apoptosis.
6. Application in Genetic Engineering
It also has potential application value in genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a technology that utilizes modern biotechnology to modify and utilize the genes of living organisms. As a surfactant, it can be used to improve some key technical processes in genetic engineering, enhancing the efficiency and success rate of genetic engineering.
(1) Enhancement of gene transfection
Gene transfection is the process of introducing exogenous genes into cells and is a key technology in genetic engineering. As a surfactant, it can improve the permeability of cell membranes to exogenous genes such as DNA, and promote the entry of exogenous genes such as DNA into cells. This effect can be used to enhance the efficiency of gene transfection and improve the success rate of genetic engineering.
(2) Regulation of gene expression
Gene expression is the process of transcription and translation of genes within an organism, involving the interactions and signaling pathways of multiple biomolecules. As a surfactant, sodium 1-pentanesulfonate monohydrate can affect intracellular signaling pathways and interactions with biomolecules, thereby regulating gene expression levels. This effect can be used to study the regulatory mechanisms and application value of gene expression.
The origin of sulfonate chemistry can be traced back to the early 19th century.
In 1834, French chemist Eug è ne Melchior P. E. Ligot first synthesized benzenesulfonic acid (C6H5SO3H), marking the discovery of organic sulfonic acid compounds.
Subsequently, German chemist August Kekul proposed the theory of benzene ring structure in 1865, laying the foundation for the study of the chemical properties of sulfonic acid groups (SO3H).
In the 1870s, with the development of petrochemical technology, scientists began to study the synthesis methods of aliphatic sulfonates.
In 1882, Victor Meyer's team first reported the process of preparing alkyl sulfates by reacting alkyl halides with sodium sulfite (Na2SO3). However, due to harsh reaction conditions, the early synthesis of fatty sulfates (such as methane sulfonate and ethane sulfonate) had low yields, limiting their applications.
At the beginning of the 20th century, German chemist Hans Meerwein (1915) improved the synthesis method of sulfonic acid salts through sulfurization reaction, which involves the reaction of alkanes with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxygen (O2) under ultraviolet catalysis to produce sulfonic acid. This method improves the yield of long-chain alkyl sulfates and provides the possibility for the synthesis of sodium 1-pentanesulfonate.
In 1936, the research team of German chemical giant IG Farben first synthesized sodium 1-pentanesulfonate while exploring surfactants. They used pentane (C5H12) to react with chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) to produce 1-pentanesulfonic acid, which was then neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain the sodium salt. Due to the hygroscopicity of the product, a monohydrate (C5H1 SO3Na · H2O) is formed and ultimately separated.
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