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Pure silver powder, a kind of transition metal, chemical symbol AG. Silver is one of the metals known and used in ancient times. It is an important precious metal. Silver exists as a simple substance in nature, but most of it exists in silver ore in the form of chemical state. The physical and chemical properties of silver are relatively stable, with good thermal and electrical conductivity. It is soft and ductile. Its reflectance is very high, up to 99%. It has many important uses. Silver has two main applications in this regard. One is as a catalyst, such as widely used in oxidation-reduction reactions and polymerization reactions, and for the treatment of industrial waste gases containing sulfides. Second, industrial preparations for electronic electroplating, such as silver paste, silver potassium cyanide, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
Ag |
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Exact Mass |
107 |
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Molecular Weight |
108 |
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m/z |
107 (100.0%), 109 (92.9%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Ag, 100.008 |
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China is a country with medium abundance of silver resources. It is known that there are more than 200 kinds of silver minerals and silver containing minerals in the form of major elements, minor elements and non quantitative forms of silver, among which there are more than 60 kinds of silver minerals and silver containing minerals with silver as the main element, but they have important economic value. As the main raw materials for silver production, there are 12 kinds: natural silver (Ag), silver gold (AGAU), silver sulfide (Ag2S), deep red silver (ag3sbs3), light red silver (ag3ass3), horn silver (AgCl) Cristobalite (ag2sbs3), antimony silver ore (ag3sb), silver selenite (ag3se), silver tellurite (ag2te), zinc antimony harzburgite (5ag2sb2s3), sulfur antimony copper silver ore (8[agcu]ssb2s3).
Chemical properties of pure silver powder:
(1) Does not react with hydrofluoric acid
(2) Reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid: 2ag+4hcl (concentrated) =2[agcl2]+h2 ↑. Under the condition of heating, silver can be complexed by high concentration of chloride ions to form silver dichloride complex ions (agcl2-). However, due to the unstable coordination ions, the driving force of the reaction is not great, so the reaction is very difficult.
(3) Reaction with concentrated hydroiodic acid: due to the extremely low solubility of silver iodide, the electrode potential of silver is reduced, so the reaction can be carried out spontaneously. If hi is excessive, a more stable [agi2]- coordination ion will be formed, which is more conducive to the spontaneous reaction.
Chemical equation:
1. Precision instrument application
Pure silver is a beautiful silver white metal with excellent ductility, and its conductivity and thermal conductivity are the highest among all metals. Silver is commonly used to make highly sensitive physical instrument components, various automation devices, rockets, submarines, computers, nuclear devices, and communication systems, all of which have a large number of contact points made of silver.
During use, each contact point needs to work millions of times, must be wear-resistant and have reliable performance, and can withstand strict working requirements. Silver can fully meet various requirements. If rare earth elements are added to silver, the performance will be even better. The contact point made of silver with rare earth elements can extend its lifespan several times.
2. Electronic and electrical materials
Electronic appliances are the industry with the largest amount of silver usage, which is divided into electrical contact materials, composite materials, and welding materials. Silver and silver based electrical contact materials can be divided into pure silver, silver alloys, silver oxides, and sintered alloys. The annual production of silver and silver based electrical contact materials worldwide is approximately 2900-3000 tons.
Composite materials are materials prepared using composite technology, which are divided into silver alloy composite materials and silver based composite materials. From the perspective of silver saving technology, silver composite materials are a new type of material with great potential for development. Silver welding materials such as pure silver solder, silver copper solder, etc.
3. Photosensitive material
Pure silver powder halide photosensitive materials are one of the fields with the highest amount of silver used. The several photosensitive materials with the highest production and sales volume are photographic film, photographic paper, X-ray film, fluorescent information recording film, electron microscope photographic film, and printing film. In the 1990s, the world's photographic industry used approximately 6000-6500 tons of silver. Due to the development of electronic imaging and digital imaging technology, the usage of silver halide photosensitive materials has been reduced. However, the application of silver halide photosensitive materials is still irreplaceable in some aspects and there is still a lot of market space.
4. Chemical and Chemical Materials
Silver has two main applications in this regard. Firstly, it is used as a catalyst, such as widely used in oxidation-reduction reactions and polymerization reactions, and for treating industrial waste gases containing sulfides. The second is electronic electroplating industrial preparations, such as silver paste, silver potassium cyanide, etc.
5. Craft jewelry
Silver has an attractive white luster, high chemical stability, and collectible value, which is deeply loved by people. Therefore, it is known as the "metal of women" and widely used as jewelry, decorations, silverware, tableware, congratulatory gifts, medals, and commemorative coins. Silver jewelry has a vast market in developing countries, and silver meals are popular among families. Silver commemorative coins are exquisitely designed, with low circulation and the ability to preserve and increase value, and are highly favored by coin collectors and investors. In the 1990s, the annual use of silver for coinage alone remained around 1000-1500 tons, accounting for about 5% of silver consumption.
6. Medical applications
Silver ions and compounds exhibit toxicity to certain bacteria, viruses, algae, and fungi, but are almost harmless to the human body. The bactericidal effect of silver enables it to kill organisms in vitro. However, there are significant difficulties in testing and standardizing silver products. The most important compound of silver is silver nitrate. In medical practice, silver nitrate aqueous solution is commonly used as eye drops.
Before the invention of antibiotics, silver related compounds were used to prevent infections during World War I.
Silver, as a widely effective antibacterial agent, is undergoing new applications. One aspect is to dissolve silver nitrate in alginate to prevent infection of wounds, especially burn wounds. In 2007, a company designed a glass cup with a silver plated surface, which claimed to have good antibacterial properties. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also approved the application of an inner silver plated airway, as research has shown that this airway can effectively reduce airway pneumonia.
Silver does not cause toxicity to the human body, but long-term exposure to silver metal and non-toxic silver compounds can also lead to silver deposition. Due to changes in body pigmentation, the surface of the skin appears grayish blue. Although non-toxic, it still affects the appearance.
The Development History of Silver
About 5000 BC, people began to mine silver in Asia Minor (today's Türkiye), Greece, Spain and other places.
Between 4000-3000 BC, the Mesopotamian civilization used silver as a medium of exchange, predating the monetary system.
Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians mastered the smelting technology of silver, which was considered more precious (due to its rarity) than gold.
Around 1200 BC, the Phoenicians extensively mined silver from Spain, promoting Mediterranean trade.
Ancient Greece (6th century BC): Athens issued the famous "owl silver coin" (tetradrachma), which became the most widely used currency in the Mediterranean region.
Ancient Rome: extensively used silver coins (dinars), and the expansion of the Roman Empire heavily relied on the mining of silver mines in Spain.
China: Silver blocks were already used during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, but their true circulation as currency began after the Han Dynasty; Silver ingots became popular during the Tang and Song dynasties.
Interesting fact: The English word 'silver' comes from the Old English word 'seolfor', and the word 'money' is also closely related to silver.
East
Tang and Song dynasties in China: The silver system gradually matured, with the emergence of paper currency such as "jiaozi" during the Song dynasty, but silver remained the main reserve.
Yuan Dynasty: Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, promoted paper currency, but the people still favored silver.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties:
The "One Whip Law" of the Ming Dynasty (implemented by Zhang Juzheng in 1581) unified the collection of taxes into silver, making silver the de facto base currency.
A large amount of American silver flowed into China through the Manila sailboat trade (China became the world's "suction pump" for silver in the late Ming Dynasty).
The West
Medieval European silver coins (such as Florence's "florin") were the hard currency of international trade.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, European colonizers discovered a huge silver mine in the Americas (Potosi Silver Mountain, now Bolivia), triggering a "price revolution".
Spain discovered Cerro Rico in Bolivia, which became the world's largest silver mine at the time
American silver accounted for over 80% of global production and flowed into China, India, and Europe through trade
The United States Coinage Act established the gold and silver duplicate system, with 1 US dollar containing 371.25 grains of pure silver
Silver truly achieved global circulation, connecting the economic systems of the Americas, Europe, and Asia.
Changes in the Monetary System
In 1816, Britain officially implemented the gold standard and silver gradually withdrew from the monetary system
In 1873, the United States' Coinage Act of 1873 was criticized as an "1873 crime" - effectively abolishing the freedom of silver coinage
From 1878 to 1904, the United States experienced multiple outbreaks of the "Free Silver Coin" movement (Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech)
In 1934, the US Silver Purchase Act pushed up silver prices
In 1971, Nixon announced the decoupling of the US dollar from gold and the complete withdrawal of silver from the official monetary system
The rise of industrial applications
In the 19th century, the invention of photography (Daguerreotype, 1839) led to a significant increase in demand for silver.
In the 20th century, the electronics industry, solar cells, medical antibacterial products, and jewelry became the main consumer areas for silver.
The history of silver is a condensed history of human civilization - from the clay tablets of Mesopotamia to the K-line chart of Wall Street, from the mines of Potosi to the silver paste of photovoltaic power plants, this silver white metal has always been closely linked to human civilization.
FAQ
What is poor man's silver?
Pewter items were often made by silversmiths as a cheaper alternative to silver. As such, it is often called 'Poor Man's Silver'. It is an alloy of mainly tin, with other metals such as bismuth, copper and lead, to harden and strengthen it. Pewter can be worked in several ways to produce different objects.
Which metal is known as poor man's gold?
The term "poor man's gold" refers to silver. This nickname originated because silver, like gold, has been used as a form of money and ornamentation throughout history.
What is silver's chemical name?
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (derived from the Latin argentum) and atomic number 47. It is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal known for having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any element.
Why is silver called Ag?
Silver Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, UsesSilver is called Ag because its chemical symbol is derived from its Latin name, argentum. The word argentum comes from an Indo-European root meaning "white" or "shining," which also links to the Sanskrit word argunas (shining) and is the root of the country name "Argentina".
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