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Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula Na2S2O3 · 5H2O. and CAS 10102-17-7, It is a colorless monoclinic crystal, odorless, and has a cool and bitter taste. When heated to 100 ℃, 5 crystals of water are lost. It is easily soluble in water and the aqueous solution is nearly neutral. Soluble in turpentine and ammonia water. Insoluble in ethanol. Decompose in acid solution. Has strong reducibility. It is prone to weathering in dry air above 33 ℃ and deliquescence in humid air. It is a hydrate of sodium thiosulfate, and the aqueous solution is weakly alkaline. Stable in neutral and alkaline solutions, rapidly decomposing in acidic solutions. This product has multiple uses and is widely used in fields such as textiles, printing and dyeing, papermaking, electroplating, photography, chemical analysis, environmental protection, biomedicine, etc. By understanding its various uses and application fields, we can better understand the importance and value of sodium thiosulfate pentahydra.
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Chemical Formula |
H10Na2O8S2 |
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Exact Mass |
112 |
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Molecular Weight |
112 |
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m/z |
48 (100.0%), 250 (9.0%), 250 (1.6%), 249 (1.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
H, 4.06; Na, 18.53; O, 51.57; S, 25.84 |
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Safety terminology:
S24：Avoid contact with skin. Avoid skin contact.
S25：Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid eye contact.
Risk terminology:
R36：Irritating to eyes. Irritating to eyes.
R37：Irritating to respiratory system. Irritating to respiratory system.
R38：Irritating to skin. Irritating to skin.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O ∝· 5H2O), commonly known as baking soda or Haibo, is a colorless and transparent monoclinic crystal that is easily soluble in water and has a weak alkaline aqueous solution. Its unique chemical properties make it widely applicable in various fields such as industry, agriculture, medicine, and environmental protection. Starting from the core application areas, the following systematically outlines their uses and mechanisms of action.
1. Photographic industry: the core component of fixative
It is a key fixative in the film processing. The core mechanism of its action is to form a soluble complex (Na∝ [Ag (S ₂ O ∝) ₂]) with non photosensitive silver bromide (AgBr), thereby dissolving and removing unreacted silver salts from the film and fixing the developed image. This characteristic makes it an indispensable raw material in the production of traditional photography, film, X-ray film, and industrial inspection film. With the popularization of digital imaging technology, it still maintains stable demand in the fields of special films (such as medical and aviation films) and artistic photography.
2. Textile and Dyeing: The Dual Role of Bleach and Dyeing
In the textile industry, it plays a dual role as a bleaching post-treatment agent and dyeing assistant:
Dechlorination agent: After bleaching cotton fabrics with sodium hypochlorite, residual chlorine will damage the fiber strength. By reducing the reaction, chlorine is converted into harmless chloride ions (Cl ⁻), protecting fibers and improving whiteness stability.
Sulfur dye: In the dyeing of knitted fabrics, it acts as a reducing agent in the sulfur dyeing method, promoting the binding of dyes and fibers and improving color fastness.
Anti whitening agent: When dyeing with indigo dye, it can inhibit the hydrolysis of unbound dye and prevent white spots from appearing on the surface of the fabric.
3. Paper industry: pulp bleaching and water purification
In pulp production, it is used to remove residual chlorine gas or hypochlorite during bleaching to prevent paper from aging and turning yellow. Its strong reducibility can neutralize residual oxidants, while adsorbing suspended impurities in water through chelation, improving the purity of pulp. In addition, in the treatment of papermaking wastewater, it can degrade organic pollutants and reduce COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) indicators.
5. Leather tanning: Green alternatives to dichromate
Traditional leather tanning uses dichromate (such as chrome tanning agents), but the residual hexavalent chromium is toxic. Hexavalent chromium can be reduced to trivalent chromium, reducing pollution risks while improving leather softness and moisture resistance stability.
4. Electroplating and metal processing: reducing agents and complexing agents
Stripping agent: In electroplating repair, it can dissolve metal coatings (such as silver and copper) to achieve non-destructive stripping.
Silver plating agent: As a chelating agent for thiosulfate silver plating, it can refine the crystallization of the silver layer and improve the uniformity of coverage. The dosage is usually controlled at 200-250 g/L. In cyanide silver plating, adding 0.5-1.09 g/L of sodium thiosulfat pentahydrate can obtain bright or semi bright coatings.
Ore extraction of silver: In the silver ore leaching process, sodium thiosulfat pentahydrate acts as a reducing agent to reduce silver ions (Ag ⁺) to metallic silver, improving the efficiency of silver extraction.
1. Aquaculture: multifunctional water quality regulator
It has four core functions in aquaculture:
Detoxification function: Quickly neutralize residual chlorine, halogens (such as bromine and iodine), and organophosphate insecticides in water, and alleviate cyanide poisoning. It reduces the toxicity of heavy metals such as lead and mercury through ion exchange, protecting the respiratory function of fish gills.
Stable water and alkali regulation: As a strong alkali and weak acid salt, its hydrolysis is alkaline, which can increase the pH value of the water body, enhance the total alkalinity, and prevent pond overturning accidents caused by sudden changes in water quality after rain.
Water purification and transparency enhancement: By adsorbing organic suspended solids (such as feed residues and algal metabolites) to form flocculation and sedimentation, water transparency is improved, and photosynthesis of phytoplankton is promoted.
Cooling and bottom heat removal: During high temperature seasons, the dissolution process absorbs heat, which can lower the temperature at the bottom of the pond and alleviate stress reactions such as swimming and landing caused by bottom heat in shrimp and crabs.
Application case: In the cultivation of South American white shrimp, regularly sprinkling sodium thiosulfat pentahydrate (dosage 1-2 kg/mu · m) can significantly reduce the content of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite. Combined with potassium persulfate to improve the bottom, it can achieve long-term stability of water quality.
2. Industrial wastewater treatment: dechlorination and heavy metal removal
In the treatment of chemical and printing and dyeing wastewater, chlorine gas (Cl ₂) is converted into chloride ions (Cl ⁻) through reduction reactions, while chelating heavy metal ions (such as copper and lead) to form precipitates, reducing the toxicity of wastewater. It can also be used in natural gas and naphtha dehydrochlorination processes to protect downstream catalysts from poisoning.
1. A special antidote for cyanide poisoning
It is the standard treatment drug for cyanide poisoning. Its mechanism of action is divided into two steps:
Formation of thiocyanate: It combines with free cyanide ions (CN ⁻) to form thiocyanate (SCN ⁻), reducing toxicity.
Conversion of methemoglobin: When used in combination with sodium nitrite, sodium nitrite first oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin, and then sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate binds with CN ⁻ to form a non-toxic thiocyanate methemoglobin complex, which is ultimately excreted through urine.
Clinical application: The recommended dose for adult cyanide poisoning is 12.5-25 g (50-100 mL of 25% solution) intravenous injection, which can be repeated if necessary.
2. Treatment of skin diseases: anti allergy and anti-inflammatory
Chronic urticaria and eczema: By stabilizing the mast cell membrane, inhibiting histamine release, and relieving itching symptoms. Clinically, a dosage of 0.64 g/day is commonly used, taken orally in divided doses for a course of 2-4 weeks.
Drug rash and contact dermatitis: As an adjuvant therapy drug, it can alleviate inflammatory reactions and promote skin repair.
3. Other detoxification applications
Arsenic, mercury, and lead poisoning: soluble complexes are formed through chelation to accelerate heavy metal excretion.
Iodide poisoning: It combines with iodine to produce non-toxic sodium thiosulfate iodide, which alleviates symptoms of thyroid enlargement.
1. Silver jewelry cleaning: Home cleaning tips
Soak the silver jewelry in 1% hot soapy water for 10 minutes, then wet the surface with a solution of sodium thiosulfat pentahydrate, and finally wipe it with a cloth to remove the oxide layer and restore the luster of the silverware. The principle is to reduce silver surface sulfides (Ag ₂ S) to metallic silver.
2. Analytical Chemistry: Chromatography and Volumetric Analysis Reagents
Chromatography analysis: used as a stationary or mobile phase additive for separating metal ions (such as cobalt and nickel).
Capacity analysis: In the iodometric method, it is used as a standard solution to titrate iodine (I ₂), with the reaction equation: 2Na ₂ S ₂ O3+I ₂ → Na ₂ S ₄ O ₆+2NaI.
Blood sodium measurement: rapid detection of serum sodium concentration by combining with a sodium ion selective electrode.
3. Food industry: chelating agents and antioxidants
Chelating effect: It binds with metal ions (such as iron and copper) to prevent them from catalyzing fat oxidation and extend the shelf life of food.
Antioxidants: In canned foods, they can inhibit microbial growth and prevent fruit and vegetable discoloration.
The use of oxidants such as potassium dichromate or hydrogen peroxide to oxidize sodium thiosulfate into sodium thiosulfat pentahydrate is a commonly used laboratory preparation method. The following are the detailed steps and corresponding chemical equations of the experiment:
Experimental steps:
1. Prepare experimental supplies: sodium thiosulfate, potassium dichromate (or hydrogen peroxide), sulfuric acid, water, beaker, magnetic stirrer, dropper, etc.
2. Add a certain amount of sodium thiosulfate and an appropriate amount of water to the beaker, and stir until dissolved.
3. Add a certain amount of potassium dichromate (or hydrogen peroxide) and an appropriate amount of water to another beaker, and stir until dissolved.
4. Slowly pour potassium dichromate (or hydrogen peroxide) solution into sodium thiosulfate solution, while stirring with a magnetic stirrer to fully react between the two solutions.
5. Add an appropriate amount of sulfuric acid to the reaction solution and adjust the pH value to acidity (approximately pH 2-3).
6. Transfer the reaction solution to an evaporating dish, heat and evaporate to a crystalline state.
7. After cooling and crystallization, filter to obtain sodium hyposulfite crystals.
8. Dry the crystals in a paper box to obtain a dry sample of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate.
Corresponding chemical equation:
Using potassium dichromate as an oxidant:
2K2Cr2O7 + 3Na2S2O3 + 8H2SO4 → 2K2SO4 + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2S2O3 · 5H2O + 7H2O
Using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant:
2H2O2 + Na2S2O3 → NaHSO3 + NaOH
NaHSO3 + NaOH → Na2S2O3 + H2O
Na2S2O3 + H2O → Na2S2O3 · 5H2O (crystallization)
Precautions:
1. During the experiment, it is necessary to avoid skin contact with oxidants such as potassium dichromate and hydrogen peroxide to avoid irritation and corrosion.
2. When adjusting the pH value, an appropriate amount of sulfuric acid should be used to avoid excessive addition that may cause the solution to become acidic.
3. When heating and evaporating, the temperature should be controlled to avoid crystal decomposition caused by excessive temperature.
4. When filtering, use a paper box to dry the crystals to avoid moisture affecting product quality.
5. During the experiment, it is important to pay attention to safety and avoid accidental ingestion or inhalation of harmful substances.
Packing:
Packed in gunny bags, woven glass bags or wooden barrels, lined with plastic bags. The net weight of each bag (barrel) is 25kg or 50kg.
Precautions for storage and transportation: it should be stored in a cool and dry warehouse. Avoid sun exposure and rain during transportation. It cannot be stored and transported together with acids and oxidants. The container must be sealed to prevent moisture from melting. If the package is damp, it means that the contents have been deliquescent and must be stacked separately from the dry package. Do not store in the open air, and deal with the damped package as soon as possible. Fire can be put out with water and sand.
Melting point 48.5 ° C, Boiling point 100 C, Density 1.01 g/mL at 25 ° C, Store at+5 ° C to+30 ° C, Solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 ° C, clear, colorless, Form Solid, Color White transparent, Specific gravity 1.729, Odor Odorless, PH value 6.0-7.5 (100g/l, H2O, 20 ℃), Acid-base indicator discoloration ph range 6 - 8.5, Water solubility 680 g/L (20 º C), Stable Incompatible with strong acids, iodine, mercury., InChIKeyAKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L, security information, Dangerous goods sign Xi, Hazard category code 36/37/38, Safety instructions 24/25-37/39-36-26, WGK Germany 1, RTECS No. WE6660000, F 10, TSCA Yes.
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