Acephate(link:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/acephate-powder-cas-30560-19-1.html is a low toxicity broad-spectrum thiophosphate insecticide. It is a low toxicity variety developed on the basis of studying methamidophos and is an amino acetylated derivative of methamidophos, hence its name. In 1969, Chevron Chemical Co. in the United States first developed it. Acute oral LD50 in rats, industrial pure（ ♀) 866mg/kg（ ♂) 945 mg/kg, 361 mg/kg for mice, 852 mg/kg for chickens; Rabbit transcutaneous LD50>2000 mg/kg. In a two-year feeding experiment, no lesions were found in dogs at 100 mg/(kg · d) and rats at 30 mg/kg. Only cholinesterase expression was inhibited, without any teratogenic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic effects; Toxicity to fish (96 hours) LC50>1000 mg/L for rainbow trout and 9500 mg/L for goldfish. Its aqueous solution is easily absorbed by the human skin, and attention should be paid when using it. Relatively non-toxic to fish, toxic to bees. It has contact killing, internal inhalation, gastric toxicity, and certain egg killing and fumigation effects on pests. And it is efficient, low toxicity, low residue, and broad-spectrum insecticidal.
Acephate Structure
Acetylcholine is an organic phosphorus compound with the chemical formula C7H16NO2P. It is composed of acetic acid group, methylamino group, and phosphate group.
The molecular structure of acephate is as follows:
The acetic acid group in the molecule of acephate is composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. The carbon atom is connected to a methyl group (CH3), and the other oxygen atom forms an ester bond with the phosphorus atom (P). Two oxygen atoms are bound to the phosphorus atom, one of which comes from the acetic acid group, and the other oxygen atom is connected to a nitrogen atom (N). The nitrogen atom is connected to a methyl group (CH3), and the other side is also connected to a hydrogen atom (H).
The molecular structure of acephate gives it a certain degree of polarity. The oxygen atoms on the acetate and phosphate groups carry negative charges, while the lone pair electrons on the nitrogen atoms carry positive charges. This polar structure enables acephate to bind to its corresponding receptors in organisms and act as a neurotransmitter.
1. Hydrolysis reaction:
Acetylmethamidophos can undergo hydrolysis reactions under alkaline or acidic conditions. Taking the hydrolysis reaction under alkaline conditions as an example, the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of acephate to produce methylamine phosphate and methyl acetate is as follows:
C10H11ClN4O2+NaOH → C3H9NO3P+C2H4O2+NaCl
2. Oxidation reaction:
Acephate can undergo oxidation reaction in the presence of oxygen. Possible oxidation products include methylamine phosphate and methyl acetate, and the specific chemical equation depends on the oxidant and reaction conditions.
Acephate can undergo oxidation reaction in the presence of oxygen. The specific oxidation reaction will be influenced by reaction conditions, oxidants, and other reactants. The following are some examples and chemical equations of the oxidation reaction of acephate.
2.1. Air oxidation:
Acephate can be oxidized by reacting with oxygen in the air. In this reaction, oxygen acts as an oxidant. The main products of the oxidation of acephate are methylamine phosphate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+O2 → C3H9NO3P+C2H4O2+HCl
2.2. Peroxide oxidation:
Peroxides are a commonly used oxidant that can provide reactive oxygen species for oxidation reactions. For example, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be used as an oxidant to oxidize acephate. The products of this reaction include methylamine phosphate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+H2O2 → C3H9NO3P+C2H4O2+HCl
2.3. Nitric acid oxidation:
Nitric acid is a commonly used strong oxidant that can undergo an oxidation reaction with acephate. In this reaction, nitric acid will provide oxygen molecules and oxidize acephate to products such as methylamine phosphate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+HNO3 → C3H9NO3P+C2H4O2+HCl+NO2
3. Reduction reaction:
Acephate can be reduced to its corresponding phosphate ester. The specific reducing agent and reaction conditions will affect the reaction process and products.
Acephate can undergo a reduction reaction by reacting with a reducing agent. The specific reduction reaction will be influenced by reaction conditions, reducing agents, and other reactants. The following are some examples and chemical equations of the reduction reaction of acephate.
3.1. Zinc powder reduction:
Zinc powder is a commonly used reducing agent that can undergo a reduction reaction with acephate. In this reaction, zinc powder provides electrons to acephate, reducing it to products such as acephate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+Zn → C3H9NO+C2H4O2+HCl+ZnCl2
3.2. Hydrogen reduction:
Hydrogen is a commonly used reducing agent that can react with acephate for reduction. In this reaction, hydrogen provides electrons to acephate, reducing it to products such as acephate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+H2 → C3H9NO+C2H4O2+HCl
3.3. Sulfite reduction:
Sulfonates are a commonly used reducing agent that can undergo a reduction reaction with acephate. In this reaction, the sulfite provides electrons to acephate, reducing it to products such as acephate and methyl acetate.
C10H11ClN4O2+NaHSO3 → C3H9NO+C2H4O2+HCl+Na2SO4
4. Ester exchange reaction:
Acephate can undergo ester exchange reactions with other esters. This reaction can be used to synthesize new compounds or change the properties of acephate. The specific chemical equation will depend on the esters involved in the reaction and the reaction conditions.
5. Condensation reaction:
Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter that plays an important role in neurotransmission. The condensation reaction of acephate refers to the condensation reaction between acephate and other compounds, forming new compounds. The specific chemical equations and reaction conditions may vary depending on the reactants used.
Reaction equation: Acephate+condensation reagent → condensation product
Acephate usually acts as a substrate for condensation reagents in condensation reactions. A condensation reagent can be another compound containing an active group, which connects a functional group in its substrate to the functional group in the condensation reagent by reacting with acephate. In this way, a new compound will be generated in the condensation reaction, called the condensation product.
The specific condensation reaction of acephate also involves the selection of the types of condensation reagents and reaction conditions. According to the different condensation reagents used, the condensation reaction of acephate can generate different types of condensation products. For example, if a compound containing an amide group is used as a condensation reagent, the carboxyl group of acephate reacts with the amide group to produce an amide condensation product.
Acetylmethamidophos condensation reaction exists in multiple fields of research and application, such as organic synthesis chemistry, biochemistry, etc. It can be used to synthesize molecules with specific structures and functions, as well as to study the mechanism of action of acephate in organisms.