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SACCHARIN SODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE, an organic compound with the chemical formula of C7H4NNaO3S and CAS 82385-42-0, is a food additive and has no nutritional value for human body. When eating more, it will affect the normal secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestines, reduce the absorption capacity of the small intestine, and reduce appetite. Many countries have limited the use of saccharin sodium in food processing. In production and operation activities, a few enterprises, in order to one-sided pursue the sweetness and color of products or extend the shelf life of products, illegally and excessively use saccharin sodium and other food additives, which pose a potential threat to human health. Saccharin sodium is a commonly used synthetic sweetener in the food industry, with the longest history of use, but also the most controversial synthetic sweetener.
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Chemical Formula |
C7H8NNaO5S |
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Exact Mass |
241 |
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Molecular Weight |
241 |
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m/z |
241 (100.0%), 242 (7.6%), 243 (4.5%), 243 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 34.86; H, 3.34; N, 5.81; Na, 9.53; O, 33.17; S, 13.29 |
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Sodium saccharin, as an artificially synthesized sweetener, has been widely used in various fields such as food, medicine, daily chemical, electroplating, etc. since its introduction in 1879 due to its high sweetness, low calorie content, and stability.
1. Low calorie food additives
SACCHARIN SODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE has a sweetness 300-500 times that of sucrose and almost zero calories, making it a key ingredient in sugar free beverages and low calorie snacks. For example, sugar free cola achieves a zero sugar taste by combining sodium saccharin with aspartame; The special biscuit for diabetes uses saccharin sodium instead of sucrose to meet the demand for sugar control. The Chinese standard for the use of food additives stipulates a maximum addition amount of 0.15g/kg to ensure safety.
2. Optimizing the taste of processed foods
In categories such as candied fruits, jelly, and ice cream, saccharin sodium can mask sour or astringent flavors and enhance palatability.
For example, a certain brand of preserved plums optimized the sweet sour ratio to 3:1 by adding 0.08% sodium saccharin, resulting in a 25% increase in consumer repurchase rate.
3. Food preservation and cost optimization
Saccharin sodium has strong stability, high temperature resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and can extend the shelf life of food. Meanwhile, its price is only 1/10 of sucrose, significantly reducing production costs. The average annual growth rate of the food processing industry in regions such as India and Southeast Asia reached 6.8%, driving a year-on-year increase of 17.4% in the use of saccharin sodium in baking ingredients and dairy products.
1. Drug flavoring agent
Saccharin sodium can mask the bitterness of antibiotics, cough medicines, etc., and improve patient compliance. For example, the addition of 0.03% sodium saccharin to pediatric paracetamol and pheniramine granules increased the acceptance of medication from 40% to 75%. The global market size of pharmaceutical grade saccharin sodium in 2023 is approximately 420 million US dollars, with the oral formulation excipient market accounting for 61% of the market share.
2. Pharmaceutical excipients for diabetes
Saccharin sodium is not metabolized by human body and does not affect blood sugar level. It is an ideal sweetener for diabetes drugs.
For example, metformin drugs improve the medication experience for patients by adding sodium saccharin, resulting in an average annual global production growth of 9%.
3. Low calorie drug formula
In diet pills and dietary supplements, saccharin sodium can provide sweetness without increasing calories. For example, a certain brand of meal replacement powder achieved a market share of 18% by adding 0.05% sodium saccharin to achieve a calorie intake of less than 100kcal per serving.
1. Oral care products
Saccharin sodium can regulate sweetness and inhibit bacteria in toothpaste and mouthwash. The Colgate Saccharin Sodium product line accounts for 34% of total sales, and the compound use rate of Saccharin Sodium and Xylitol in the anti caries formula has been increased to 67%, effectively reducing the incidence of dental caries.
2. Mild formula for cosmetics
The demand of sensitive muscle care products for mild sweeteners has soared, and the penetration rate of saccharin sodium in facial mask essence has increased by 23 percentage points in three years.
For example, by adding 0.02% saccharin sodium to a certain L'Oreal repair facial mask, the irritation is reduced, and the consumer praise rate is increased by 40%.
3. Control of detergent odor
Unilever's new dishwasher detergent uses saccharin sodium essence synergistic technology, which reduces the complaint rate of product odor by 41%. Saccharin sodium enhances user experience by masking the pungent odor of chemical components.
1. Electroplating nickel brightener
Adding a small amount of sodium saccharin can improve the brightness and flexibility of electroplated nickel, and the total export volume accounts for the majority of China's production. For example, a certain electroplating factory increased the uniformity of the plating layer thickness by 15% and reduced the defect rate by 20% by adding 0.5% sodium saccharin.
2. Application of Circular Economy Technology
The development of recycling technology for phthalic anhydride in the production wastewater of saccharin sodium can increase the efficiency by 800 yuan per ton of product. Top enterprises have increased product purity to over 99.95% and reduced single ton energy consumption by 30% through continuous crystallization processes and membrane separation purification technologies.
Agriculture and Feed: Improvement of palatability and nutritional enhancement
1. Animal feed attractant
SACCHARIN SODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE can be used in animal feed such as pig feed to improve palatability. For example, a certain brand of pig feed increased feed intake by 12% and daily weight gain by 8% by adding 0.05% sodium saccharin.
2. Veterinary drug preparation for taste correction
In pet medicine, saccharin sodium can mask bitterness and improve medication adherence. For example, a certain cat insecticide increased pet acceptance from 30% to 65% by adding 0.03% sodium saccharin.
1. Medical Device Testing
The loading capacity of the sodium saccharin detection reagent in the saliva glucose monitor has exceeded 5 million units per year, improving detection accuracy through sweetness feedback.
2. Nano coating technology
The investment in biopharmaceutical research and development continues to increase, and nano coating technology has improved the efficiency of saccharin sodium use by 42%. For example, a certain oral disintegrating tablet uses nano coated saccharin sodium to disintegrate the drug within 30 seconds, increasing patient compliance by 50%.
3. Controversy and Norms: Safe Use and Industry Regulation
Although sodium saccharin is widely used, its safety has sparked controversy. Early research indicated that it may be related to the increased risk of bladder cancer, but subsequent evaluation showed that it was safe at the prescribed intake (ADI value: 0-5mg/kg body weight/day). The World Health Organization and other regulatory agencies have confirmed its compliance. China implements a policy of designated production and limited production and sales, with only four enterprises in the country obtaining production qualifications and product purity meeting the standards of the International Pharmacopoeia.
Synthetic SACCHARIN SODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE:
1. Toluene method
Toluene method is the first method adopted by Fakllerg, inventor of saccharin, and has been improved many times by later generations. It has become a relatively simple method to produce saccharin sodium and an earlier method to produce saccharin sodium in China. Its main raw materials include anhydrous toluene, chlorosulfonic acid, ammonia, activated carbon, liquid sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, potassium permanganate, sodium sulfite and sodium bicarbonate, including chemical reactions such as chlorosulfonation, amination, oxidation, acid precipitation and neutralization.
Production method:
Gradually add anhydrous toluene into a chlorosulfonation pot filled with chlorosulfonic acid, and react at low temperature. After addition, react for 3h. After reaction, cool down to completely decompose chlorosulfonic acid and release acid solution. Then wash the obtained sulfonyl chloride oil with water, freeze it at - 15~- 20 ℃ for 12h, and filter out the para isomer crystal. The liquid is o-toluenesulfonyl chloride [2]. Put ammonia water into the ammoniating pot in advance, add o-toluenesulfonyl chloride, react at 60 ℃ for 2h, cool down, filter, decolorize the filter cake with activated carbon, refine with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution respectively in the refining pot to obtain o-toluenesulfonyl amide. Add o-toluenesulfonamide, water and liquid sodium hydroxide into the oxidation pot, put potassium permanganate into the oxidation pot at 25~35 ℃ in several times, and then conduct heat preservation reaction for 7h, cool down to 25 ℃, slowly add sodium sulfite solution until the oxidation solution is colorless, filter, wash with water containing manganese dioxide filter cake until no sweet taste, combine the filtrate, add dilute hydrochloric acid to pH 3, separate out the non oxide, filter, add concentrated hydrochloric acid to the filtrate until complete precipitation, filter, Wash the filter cake with slightly acidic water to obtain insoluble saccharin. Inject insoluble saccharin and sodium bicarbonate alternately in the neutralization pot containing water, heat and dissolve the reaction, adjust the reaction solution to neutral when the reaction temperature reaches 70 ℃, filter while hot, and obtain the finished sodium saccharin after crystallization and drying of the filtrate.
2. Phthalic anhydride method
The phthalic anhydride method is an original innovation in China. The raw materials used include phthalic anhydride, methanol, ammonia, liquid sodium hydroxide, liquid chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium nitrite, copper sulfate, liquid sulfur dioxide, toluene, sodium bicarbonate, activated carbon, etc., including amidation, Hoffmann degradation, esterification, diazo, replacement, chlorination, amination, acid precipitation, neutralization and other chemical reactions.
Production method:
Phthalic anhydride and frozen ammonia are successively added into the amidation reaction pot, and sodium hydroxide solution is slowly added after the temperature is raised. Adjust pH=11~12, keep the temperature for 0.5h, and react, and then discharge ammonia for 3.5h to obtain sodium orthoformamide benzoate solution (hereinafter referred to as amidation solution). After the amidation solution is cooled in the esterification pot, add the frozen methanol and sodium hypochlorite solution, react at 0 ℃ for 45 minutes, and then raise the temperature to 30 ℃. The starch potassium iodide solution is used to test the colorless reaction, and then add an appropriate amount of sodium bisulfite solution. After the feed solution is diluted, add hot water to dissolve it, leave it still, separate, filter, and separate the oil layer to obtain methyl anthranilate (methyl ester for short). First, put the mixed acid prepared by water, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid into the diazo pot. After cooling, slowly add the mixed solution of methyl ester and sodium nitrite solution. The diazo temperature is kept below 25 ℃. At the end of the reaction, the starch potassium iodide solution appears light purple, and the product is methyl ortho sulfuric acid (hydrochloric acid) dibenzoate solution (referred to as diazo solution). Lower the temperature of the diazo solution to 10 ℃ in the displacement pot, add copper sulfate, replace it with sulfur dioxide, and separate methyl orthosulfite benzoate. After about 1h, the reaction end point should fade when tested with H acid. Then add toluene, chlorinate it with chlorine gas, take 2% benzidine ethanol solution as the end point, which is dark green, and leave it for layering. The organic layer is methyl phthalate benzene sulfonyl chloride toluene solution (hereinafter referred to as sulfonyl chloride). Add sulfonyl chloride and water into the amination pot in turn, add ammonia water for amination at 10 ℃, the temperature can reach 70 ℃, and the pH value is above 9. After standing, take the ammonium salt solution in the lower layer as the ammonium orthobenzosulfonimide solution (amination solution for short). Put the aminated solution into the acid-base pot, add toluene and 30% hydrochloric acid until the pH value is 1, cool down to 20 ℃ after acid precipitation, and take the toluene layer to wash off ammonium chloride to obtain insoluble saccharin toluene solution. Heat the solution, add sodium bicarbonate for neutralization, adjust the pH value to 3.8~4, take the water layer after standing, add active carbon for decolorization and filtration, adjust the pH value of the filtrate to 7, decompress and concentrate at 70~75 ℃, filter while hot, and obtain sodium saccharin through crystallization and drying of the filtrate.
Saccharin sodium, also known as SACCHARIN SODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE, was developed in 1879 and is the earliest artificial non nutritive sweetener. It is soluble in water, and its sweetness in dilute solution is 200~500 times that of sucrose. When the concentration is high, it has a bitter taste. When heated under acidic conditions, the sweet taste disappears, and it can form bitter o-aminosulfonylbenzoic acid. It is used as a sugar substitute for patients with obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and dental caries because of its low calorie, non absorption, and automatic excretion with urine and urine. In addition, it can also be used as brightener, blood circulation measuring agent, penetrant, etc. of nickel chromium electroplating, with a wide range of uses.
In terms of sweetness, the anions decomposed from saccharin sodium have a strong sweet taste, while there is no sweet taste in the molecular state, and they feel bitter. The solubility and dissociation of saccharin sodium are large, so the sweetness is strong. Sodium saccharin will decompose slowly after boiling. If it is used with other sweeteners in proper proportion, it can be closer to the sweet taste of granulated sugar. Sodium saccharin does not cause food staining and fermentation.
When its concentration is relatively high, it has a bitter taste. Heating saccharin sodium under acidic conditions will lose its sweet taste, and form a bitter o-sulfamoyl benzoic acid. This substance is colorless and stable in performance. Because its heat is relatively low, it is not easy to be absorbed by the human body, but can be discharged out of the body with urine and urine. Therefore, saccharin sodium is used as a substitute for sugar by patients with obesity, hyperlipidemia and other diseases.
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