NESSLER'S Solution CAS 7783-33-7

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NESSLER'S solution, also translated as Nasler reagent, is also known as potassium mercuric iodide, potassium tetraiodomercurate, and potassium tetraiodomercurate (II). It is a mixed solution of potassium mercuric iodide and potassium hydroxide, with the chemical formula K2HgI4. Pale yellow liquid. Toxic. Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and acetone. Potassium mercuric iodide can react with chlorosulfonic acid to form potassium tetrachlorosulfonate mercuric (II) acid (K2 [Hg (SO3Cl) 4]). It is used as analytical reagent, bactericide and disinfectant, and also for the preparation of Nessler's reagent.

Test the ammonium ion. Add a small amount of potassium hydroxide into the test solution, and then boil it. Put the filter paper stained with Nessler reagent on the tube mouth to detect whether there is ammonia in the escaping gas. If there is no interfering ion, Nessler reagent can be directly added to the test solution for testing. The main reaction formula of Nessler reagent for testing ammonium ion is:

Add a small amount of potassium hydroxide into the test solution, and then boil it. Put the filter paper stained with Nessler reagent on the tube mouth to detect whether there is ammonia in the escaping gas.

If there is no interfering ion, Nessler reagent can be directly added to the test solution for testing.

The main reaction formula of Nessler reagent for testing ammonium ion is:

Yellow or brown (at high concentrations) precipitates are produced after the action.

② The silver (I): Ag₂ [HgI₄] tetraiodomercuric (II) acid was prepared, and it changed from yellow to red reversibly at 45~50 ℃.

2 AgNO₃+ K₂[HgI₄] → Ag₂[HgI₄]↓ + 2 KNO₃

③ The copper (I): Cu2 [HgI4] of tetraiodomercuric (II) acid was prepared and changed from red to black purple at 71 ℃.

2 CuSO₄+ K₂[HgI₄] + SO₂+ 2 H₂O → Cu₂[HgI₄] + K₂SO₄+ 2 H₂SO₄

The mixed solution of 0.09mol/L potassium mercuric iodide and 2.5mol/L potassium hydroxide is called NESSLER'S solution(Nessler reagent, Nessler reagent, Ne ß ler reagent) or alkaline potassium mercuric iodide test solution. Julius Ne ß ler is the first to use it. It reacts with ammonia to produce yellow or brown (at high concentrations) precipitates. It is a common reagent for identifying ammonia in the sample. The sensitivity is about 0.3 μ g NH₃/2 μ L.

Add the concentrated potassium iodide solution to the hot concentrated mercuric chloride solution until the generated mercuric iodide precipitation is completely dissolved to generate potassium mercuric iodide. Filter, add potassium hydroxide and a small amount of mercuric chloride, cool and dilute to obtain Nessler reagent.

Nessler's reagent, also known as potassium mercuric iodide or potassium tetraiodometalate, has the chemical formula K ₂ HgI ₄. It is a yellow, deliquescent crystal, toxic, with a density of 4.25g/cm ³, and soluble in solvents such as water, ethanol, ether, and acetone. This reagent was first used by Julius Ne ß ler, and due to its interaction with ammonia, it produces yellow or brown (at high concentrations) precipitates, making it a commonly used reagent for identifying ammonia in samples.

1. In the field of analytical chemistry

 

(1) Qualitative detection of ammonium ions
It is a specific reagent for detecting ammonium ions (NH ₄⁺). Under alkaline conditions, it reacts with ammonium ions to form a reddish brown precipitate (NH ₂ Hg ₂ OI). This reaction has high sensitivity and can detect ammonia content as low as 0.3 μ g NH3/2 μ L. The detection methods include:

Gas detection method: Add a small amount of potassium hydroxide to the test solution and boil it. Place the filter paper stained with its reagent at the mouth of the test tube. If red brown spots appear on the filter paper, it indicates that ammonia gas has escaped.

 

Direct reaction method: If there are no interfering ions (such as Fe ³ ⁺, Mn ² ⁺, etc.) in the test solution, they can be added directly and observed for the formation of a reddish brown precipitate.
(2) Quantitative analysis application
The quantitative determination of ammonia nitrogen can be carried out by UV visible spectrophotometry. Ammonia nitrogen reacts with the complex in the reagent to form a light reddish brown compound, whose absorbance is proportional to the concentration of ammonia nitrogen at a wavelength of 420nm.

 

This method is widely used for the determination of ammonia nitrogen content in water, soil, and food, such as:

Water quality testing: detecting the level of ammonia nitrogen in natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, urban sewage, and industrial wastewater, evaluating the degree of eutrophication and pollution status of water bodies.
Soil research: Determine the ammonia nitrogen content in soil leachate to provide data support for agricultural fertilization schemes.
Food analysis: detecting ammonia nitrogen residues in food to ensure food safety.

2. Industrial production field

 

Chemical synthesis
It can be used as an inorganic chemical synthesis reagent to participate in the preparation of compounds such as silver tetraiodometalate (i.e. silver iodide) and cuprous tetraiodometalate. These compounds have potential application value in fields such as catalysts and optoelectronic materials.

 

Industrial process control
In industrial production involving ammonia nitrogen substances such as chemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing, Nessler's reagent can be used for online monitoring or regular detection of ammonia nitrogen concentration during the production process. For example:

Pharmaceutical industry: Monitor the ammonia nitrogen content in fermentation broth and optimize the fermentation process.
Food processing: Detect ammonia nitrogen residues in raw materials and finished products to ensure product quality meets standards.

3. Environmental monitoring field

 

Monitoring of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water Bodies
It is a commonly used reagent for detecting ammonia nitrogen in water bodies in the field of environmental monitoring. Its detection range covers natural water bodies (such as rivers and lakes) and artificial water bodies (such as urban sewage and industrial wastewater). By regularly monitoring the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, the degree of water pollution can be evaluated, providing scientific basis for water environment governance.

 

Soil pollution assessment
The ammonia nitrogen content in soil is an important indicator for measuring soil fertility and pollution status. It can quickly measure the ammonia nitrogen content in soil leachate, helping agricultural researchers and farmers understand the nitrogen supply situation in the soil and guide rational fertilization.

4. Biochemistry field

 

Enzymatic experiment
In enzymatic experiments, it can be used to detect the generation of ammonia in enzymatic reactions. For example:
Urease activity measurement: Urease catalyzes the decomposition of urea to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide. By detecting the ammonia nitrogen content in the reaction solution, urease activity can be calculated.
Protein metabolism research: monitoring the ammonia produced by protein breakdown in organisms, studying protein metabolism pathways and regulatory mechanisms.

 

Cell culture monitoring
During cell culture, cellular metabolism produces metabolites such as ammonia. Regularly monitor the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the culture medium, evaluate the growth status and metabolic activity of cells, and provide data support for optimizing cell culture processes.

5. Optical application field

 

Preparation of optical crystals
Can be used to prepare optical crystals, such as potassium tetraiodometalate crystals. These crystals have excellent optical properties and can be used to manufacture optical components such as optical filters and polarizers.
Transparent conductive coating
Through chemical deposition, transparent conductive coatings can be prepared. This coating combines high transmittance and low resistivity, and is widely used in fields such as solar cells and touch screens.

6. Other fields

 

Fungicides and disinfectants
It has a certain bactericidal effect and can be used to prepare fungicides and disinfectants. For example:
Medical field: Used for disinfection of medical devices, but the concentration and contact time must be strictly controlled to avoid harm to the human body.
In the agricultural field, as a plant fungicide, it is used to prevent and control crop diseases, but attention should be paid to residual issues and environmental safety.

 

Preparation of Mineral Processing Liquid
In the field of mineral processing, it can be used to prepare mineral processing fluids, which can achieve mineral flotation or separation through chemical reactions with mineral surfaces. For example:
Lead zinc ore beneficiation: Utilizing the specific adsorption of Nessler reagent on the surface of lead zinc minerals to improve beneficiation efficiency and concentrate grade.
Rare earth ore beneficiation: used as a collector or adjuster to optimize the flotation process of rare earth ore.

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