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3-Hydroxytyramine (Dopamine) is a kind of chemicals used to help cells transmit pulses, and it is a kind of nerve conduction material. This conductive substance is mainly responsible for the brain ' s lust, sensation, and the transmission of excited and happy information. it also known as dopamine, transmits signals between neurons and regulates activity in the brain and central nervous system. The molar mass is 153.18 g/mol. This means that one gram of product molecules contains about 6.5×10^20 molecules, and its molecular weight is small, which is conducive to crossing the cell membrane and entering the interior of neurons to achieve neurotransmission.
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Chemical Formula |
C8H11NO2 |
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Exact Mass |
458 |
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Molecular Weight |
459 |
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m/z |
153 (100.0%), 154 (8.7%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 62.73; H, 7.24; N, 9.14; O, 20.89 |
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Neurotransmitter action
As the main catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, 3-Hydroxytyramine plays a crucial role in nerve conduction. It controls various physiological functions by releasing signals through neurons and transmitting them to other nerve cells, including:
(1) Movement control: Dopamine is mainly involved in regulating voluntary muscle movement, which is closely related to the basal ganglia of the brain. It maintains the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the motor pathway, ensuring the coordination, accuracy and balance of the body's movements. Deficiency of dopamine can lead to movement disorders such as tremors and stiffness.
(2) Cognitive function: It has a significant impact on core cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and learning ability. Dopamine can enhance the brain's ability to focus on target information, promote the formation and consolidation of memory, and facilitate the learning and mastery of new knowledge and skills, which is essential for normal cognitive activities.
(4) Emotional regulation: Dopamine is closely related to emotional responses such as pleasure, excitement, and reward. It is an important mediator of the brain's reward system. When dopamine levels in the brain increase (such as after completing a goal or receiving positive feedback), people will feel obvious happiness and satisfaction, while its deficiency may be associated with low mood.
(5) Positive reinforcement: Dopamine helps organisms adapt to their living environment and improve their chances of survival by reinforcing positive behaviors. It can strengthen the connection between a certain behavior and its positive consequences, prompting organisms to repeat beneficial behaviors (such as foraging and avoiding dangers) to maintain their own survival and reproduction.
(6) Feeding and endocrine regulation: Dopamine is also involved in regulating appetite and the endocrine system. It can inhibit excessive food intake by regulating the feeding center in the hypothalamus, and participate in the regulation of hormones such as insulin and thyroid hormone, thereby affecting the body's energy balance and metabolic status.
Biological activity and pharmacological effects
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown significant biological activity and various pharmacological effects in the field of medicine.
(1) Antioxidant effect: Dopamine can clear free radicals, reduce oxidative stress damage, and protect cells from oxidative damage. This antioxidant effect is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.
(2) Anti inflammatory effect: By regulating the inflammatory response, dopamine can alleviate inflammatory damage and promote inflammation resolution. This anti-inflammatory effect has potential application value in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, enteritis, etc.
(3) Antitumor effect: Dopamine can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, thus demonstrating potential application value in the treatment of cancer. It affects the growth and apoptosis process of tumor cells by regulating intracellular signaling pathways.
(4) Cardiovascular protective effect: Dopamine can dilate blood vessels, lower blood pressure, increase cardiac output, and thus improve cardiovascular function. This effect plays an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, etc.
(5) Neuroprotective effect:
Dopamine has neuroprotective effects and can alleviate neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. It improves neural function by promoting the growth and repair of neurons.
Application in the field of medicine
Due to its various biological activities and pharmacological effects, 3-Hydroxytyramine has broad application prospects in the pharmaceutical field.
(1) Anti shock drugs:
Dopamine is an effective anti shock drug that can be used to treat various types of shock, including toxic shock, cardiogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, and central shock. Especially for patients with renal insufficiency, decreased cardiac output, low peripheral vascular resistance, and already replenished blood volume, the therapeutic significance of dopamine is more significant. It increases the survival rate of patients by increasing cardiac output, dilating blood vessels, and improving microcirculation.
(2) Treatment of neurological disorders:
Dopamine plays an important role in treating neurological disorders. For example, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, dopamine can supplement the deficiency of dopamine in the patient's body, improve symptoms such as movement disorders and muscle stiffness. In addition, dopamine can also be used to treat neurological disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression.
(3) Cardiovascular disease treatment:
Dopamine has a wide range of applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It can be used to treat diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmia. Dopamine can alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life in patients by increasing cardiac output, reducing cardiac load, and improving myocardial blood supply.
(4) Kidney disease treatment:
Dopamine can also be used to treat kidney diseases. It enhances renal excretion function by dilating renal blood vessels, increasing renal blood flow, and improving glomerular filtration rate. Dopamine has certain therapeutic effects in treating diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure.
(5) Other applications:
In addition to the above applications, dopamine can also be used to treat endocrine diseases, respiratory system diseases, and digestive system diseases. For example, in the treatment of diabetes, dopamine can regulate the secretion and utilization of insulin and improve blood sugar levels. When treating bronchial asthma, dopamine can dilate bronchial smooth muscle and alleviate asthma symptoms. When treating gastric ulcers, dopamine can inhibit gastric acid secretion and promote ulcer healing.
As a common chemical, there are various synthetic methods of 3-Hydroxytyramine. Here are some common synthetic methods
1. Hoffmann ammonia synthesis method:
The earliest synthesis method of it was the Hoffmann ammonia synthesis method. The specific method is to heat resorcinol and potassium hydroxide to about 150°C to generate corresponding aldehydes and ketones, and then distill with ammonia water to obtain product. Although the method is simple to prepare, the yield is low and high temperature and pressure are required, so it is gradually replaced by other more efficient methods.
2. Wolff-Kishner reduction method:
The Wolff-Kishner reduction method is a classic reduction method of ketones, which has been used for the preparation of it. Usually, 4-hydroxyacetophenone is first prepared with resorcinol, then reduced to the corresponding alcohol with hydrogen ammonia water or sodium isopropoxide, and dehydrated under alkaline conditions to generate product. This method uses mild conditions, but requires the use of a strong base, and attention should be paid to the operation.
3.Introduction to the Wolff-Kishner reduction method:
Dopamine is a biologically active molecule that widely exists in the nervous system and participates in various physiological processes such as movement, learning and behavior. Therefore, it is important to prepare product. The Wolff-Kishner reduction is a method for the reduction of aldehydes or ketones to the corresponding alkyl or aryl compounds. The reaction principle of the method is: first mix ketone or aldehyde with excess ammonia water and sodium hydroxide to form the corresponding oxime compound. Then the obtained oxime compound is mixed with sodium hydroxide and ethylene glycol, and heated at high temperature to cause deoxidation to generate the corresponding alkyl or aryl compound
Affected by redox reactions:
It has hydroxyl (–OH) and amine (–NH2) functional groups and is an electrophilic compound. It can accept electrons or lose electrons, and participate in important redox reactions in living organisms. It is interconverted with other metabolites in vivo, if it can be further oxidized into dopamine or norepinephrine, it can also be reversed back through reduction reaction. The balance of these redox reactions is the key to maintaining the stability and activity of product in vivo.
Binding to receptors:
It can bind to receptors to play a targeted role. For example, it can bind to dopamine receptors, norepinephrine receptors or adrenergic receptors and participate in the corresponding signaling. It can also bind to various proteins such as tyrosine kinase, MAPK/ERK pathway, and affect their activity and function.
Hydroxylation occurs:
Dopamine can undergo hydroxylation reaction under certain conditions, and the hydroxylation reaction usually requires the participation of exogenous catalysts. For example, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and catalyst iron ion (Fe2+) can be used to add the hydroxyl group ofproduct to the aromatic ring to generate quinone products. These products are related to the biological activity of it.
capable of redox reactions:
It is electrophilic and can undergo redox reactions. In living organisms, it is usually oxidized to the equally important neurotransmitter dopamine, which can also be reduced to norepinephrine through a reduction reaction. These redox reactions are important metabolic pathways in organisms, which can ensure the stability and activity of product.
Can be combined with other substances to become biomolecules such as protein, DNA and RNA:
Hydroxytyramine can be combined with other substances through its functional groups to form new biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA and RNA. Inside neurons, it binds to other neurotransmitters, enzymes and receptors, thereby promoting neurotransmitter transmission and neuromodulation. In addition, it can also interact with cytochrome P450 enzymes, affecting its metabolism and possibly causing drug interactions.
The discovery of dopamine, commonly known as dopamine, has gone through three crucial stages: chemical synthesis, tissue identification, and confirmation of neurotransmitter function, which finally established its dual core status as a neurotransmitter and an emergency medicine. In 1910, British chemists George Barger and James Ewens first synthesized this substance artificially at the Wellcome Laboratories in London. At that time, it was regarded as a synthetic intermediate of catecholamines, and its physiological functions were not clarified.
In 1938, the team led by German pharmacologist Peter Holtz discovered dopa decarboxylase and confirmed that it could catalyze the decarboxylation of levodopa (L-DOPA) to produce dopamine, laying the foundation for its biosynthetic pathway in vivo. In 1950, McCoy Goodall first detected dopamine in the heart and adrenal tissues of mammals, overturning the view that it only served as a precursor.
In 1957, Kathleen Montagu of Runwell Hospital in London identified dopamine in the human striatum, revealing its central distribution characteristics.
In 1958, Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson experimentally proved that dopamine was not only a precursor of norepinephrine but also an independent central neurotransmitter directly related to diseases such as Parkinson's disease. This breakthrough earned him the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In 1967, the WHO officially adopted "dopamine" as the international nonproprietary name, promoting the standardization of its clinical and scientific research applications. From chemical synthesis to functional analysis, the discovery history of dopamine sets a model for moving from substance characterization to mechanism elucidation, and has profoundly advanced the development of neuroscience and emergency medicine.
FAQ
What is 3-hydroxytyramine?
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3-Hydroxytyramine, Hydrochloride is a major catecholamine neurotransmitter. 62-31-7. Purity: ≥98%
What is the CAS number of 62 31 7?
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CAS No : 62-31-7| Product Name : Dopamine Hydrochloride - API| Chemical Name : Dopamine Hydrochloride | Pharmaffiliates.
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