3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride CAS 62-31-7

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3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride also known as Dopamine hydrochloride, is an organic compound belonging to the catecholamine class. It is a white or nearly white powder. It has a high melting point, usually 189 ° C, and a low solubility in water, about 250 mg/mL. Relatively stable. However, when exposed to air, light, or high temperatures, it may undergo oxidation or degradation. In addition, it may undergo chemical reactions with certain substances, such as acids, bases, or metal ions. UV and visible light have a certain absorption capacity, especially with a strong UV absorption peak around 280 nm. This makes it suitable for quantitative and qualitative analysis using UV spectroscopy. It is an organic base, therefore it can form salts with acids. It also possesses typical properties of catecholamines, including the ability to react with oxidants and the ability to chelate metal ions. Particle size may have an impact on its solubility and bioavailability. Finer particles may increase their surface area, thereby improving solubility and biological activity. However, excessively fine particles may increase their clearance rate in the body. May be toxic at high concentrations. It may cause damage to the human body through various mechanisms, including direct effects on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and respiratory system. There are many 3 hydroxide amine hydrochloride supplies in China, and Shanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd. is one of the companies that can produce high-purity chemicals.

In the laboratory, there are various methods for synthesizing 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride . The following is a typical synthesis method:

C₆H₅OH + 2C₉H₁₃NO + HCl → C₁₀H₁₂N₂O + 2C₆H₅Cl

In this simplified chemical equation, C6H5OH represents phenol, C9H13NO represents dopamine, C10H12N2O is dopamine hydrochloride, and C6H5Cl represents benzene chloride.

1. Synthetic route

Starting materials: phenol, dopamine, and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Steps:

a. Firstly, dissolve phenol in ether and add dopamine dropwise to the solution while stirring. Dopamine can also be obtained by reacting its hydrochloride with a base.

b. Then, stir the obtained mixture at room temperature for a period of time to allow dopamine to fully react with phenol. During the reaction process, white precipitates of Dopamine hcl will be generated.

c. Collect sediment through filtration and rinse with a large amount of cold water to ensure the removal of excess impurities.

d. Dry the obtained solid in an oven to remove residual moisture and ether.

e. Finally, grind the dried solid into powder to obtain the product of Dopamine hcl.

2. Precautions

During the synthesis process, it should be ensured to operate in a dry, dark, and low-temperature environment. Ether is a flammable and explosive organic solvent, so it should be operated under good ventilation conditions and kept away from ignition sources.

Due to the sensitivity of Dopamine hcl to humidity, a dry environment should be maintained throughout the entire operation process.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid is a strong acid with strong corrosiveness, so appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn during operation, such as chemical protective goggles, laboratory clothes, and chemical protective gloves.

During the filtration and flushing process, it should be ensured to use a large amount of water to thoroughly wash the sediment and remove excess impurities as much as possible.

The final product should be stored in a dry, dark, and low-temperature environment to maintain its quality and stability.

3. Yield and purity

The Dopamine hcl synthesized by the above method has high purity. However, due to some uncertainty in the synthesis steps, the yield may vary. Generally speaking, depending on the raw materials and operating conditions, the yield of this method is approximately 60-80%.

To ensure the purity and quality of the product, chromatography (such as high-performance liquid chromatography) can be used to separate and purify the final product. In addition, the structure and purity of the product can be further verified through analysis methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR).

4. Other synthesis methods

In addition to the above methods, there are other synthetic pathways that can be used to prepare Dopamine hcl. These methods may involve different reaction conditions, raw materials, and steps. Therefore, in actual laboratory operations, suitable synthesis methods can be selected based on specific conditions and needs.

3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride,The chemical name is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine hydrochloride, also known as dopamine hydrochloride, which is a compound of significant value in the fields of medicine and biochemistry. Its molecular formula is C ₈ H ₁₁ NO ₂ · HCl, with a molecular weight of 189.64. It appears as a white or off white crystalline powder, odorless, slightly bitter in taste, soluble in water or ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform or ether. As the hydrochloride form of dopamine, it not only retains the biological activity of dopamine, but also enhances stability and solubility by forming a hydrochloride salt, making it easy to use in clinical and laboratory settings.

Treating shock syndrome

 

Shock is a systemic pathological process caused by a sharp decrease in effective circulating blood volume and insufficient tissue perfusion, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride, as a dopamine receptor agonist, has significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of shock syndrome, especially suitable for the following types: myocardial infarction leading to decreased myocardial contractility, reduced cardiac output, and shock. 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride enhances myocardial contractility and cardiac output by stimulating cardiac β - κ receptors. At the same time, it dilates visceral blood vessels such as the kidneys, mesentery, and coronary arteries by stimulating dopamine receptors (D ₁ receptors), increasing organ blood flow perfusion and improving tissue hypoxia. Severe trauma can lead to significant blood loss or fluid loss, resulting in hypovolemic shock. On the basis of supplementing blood volume, 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride enhances myocardial contractility and dilates visceral blood vessels, further improving circulatory function and increasing the success rate of shock treatment.

Treating shock syndrome

 

Septic shock: Severe infection leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, causing vasodilation, increased permeability, and myocardial suppression, resulting in reduced effective circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion. 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride improves shock state by regulating vascular tone and enhancing myocardial contractility while undergoing anti infective treatment.
Cardiogenic shock: Shock caused by heart pump failure, such as acute myocarditis, severe arrhythmia, etc. 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride provides support for the treatment of cardiogenic shock by enhancing myocardial contractility and appropriately dilating blood vessels, increasing cardiac output and organ perfusion.

Treatment of congestive heart failure

 

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the final stage of various heart diseases, characterized by a decline in heart pump function, leading to systemic and pulmonary congestion. It has the following effects in treating CHF:
Enhance myocardial contractility: By stimulating the cardiac β - κ receptors, activating adenylate cyclase, increasing intracellular adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, promoting calcium ion influx, enhancing myocardial contractility, and increasing cardiac output.
Vasodilation: By activating dopamine receptors (D ₁ receptors), visceral blood vessels such as the kidneys, mesentery, and coronary arteries are dilated, reducing peripheral vascular resistance, alleviating cardiac afterload, while increasing organ blood flow perfusion and improving tissue metabolism.
Improve renal function: dilate renal blood vessels, increase renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, promote sodium and water excretion, alleviate edema symptoms, and help maintain electrolyte balance.

Treatment of renal insufficiency

 

Renal insufficiency is the decline of glomerular filtration function caused by a variety of reasons, leading to metabolic waste and water retention, leading to a series of clinical symptoms. It has the following effects in treating renal insufficiency:
Dilation of renal blood vessels: By activating dopamine receptors (D ₁ receptors), selectively dilating the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney, increasing renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and promoting the excretion of metabolic waste such as urea nitrogen and creatinine.
Diuretic effect: increases the inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in renal tubules, promotes sodium and water excretion, reduces edema symptoms, and helps control hypertension.
Protecting renal function: By improving renal blood flow perfusion and tissue oxygenation, reducing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and delaying the progression of renal dysfunction.

Other clinical applications

 

In addition to the main uses mentioned above, it can also be used in the following situations:
Post cardiac surgery circulatory support: After cardiac surgery, patients may experience cardiac dysfunction or low cardiac output syndrome. 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride can improve circulatory function and promote postoperative recovery by enhancing myocardial contractility and dilating blood vessels.
Treatment of Hypotension: For hypotension caused by various reasons, such as anesthesia overdose, drug poisoning, etc., 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride can increase blood pressure and maintain blood flow perfusion to important organs by appropriately dilating blood vessels and enhancing myocardial contractility.

As a tool compound for studying neurotransmitter function

 

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. As a stable form of dopamine, it is widely used to study the physiological functions, metabolic pathways, and signal transduction mechanisms of dopamine.
Neurophysiological research: By injecting 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride into experimental animals, observing their behavioral changes and physiological responses, studying the role of dopamine in motor control, emotion regulation, cognitive function, and other aspects.
Neuropharmacology research: Using 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride as a tool, screening and evaluating the mechanism of action and efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists, antagonists, and reuptake inhibitors.
Neurochemical research: By studying the metabolic processes of 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride in the body, including oxidation, methylation, sulfation, and other reactions, the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of dopamine are revealed.

Preparation of biochemical and diagnostic reagents

 

This compound is widely used in the preparation of various biochemical and diagnostic reagents for detecting dopamine levels or related enzyme activities in biological samples due to its good stability and solubility.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): Using 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride as a standard or antigen, prepare specific antibodies and establish an ELISA method for quantitative detection of dopamine levels in biological samples such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis: used as an internal standard or reference substance for the quantitative determination of dopamine in HPLC analysis, improving the accuracy and reliability of the analysis.
Enzyme activity assay: Using 3-Hydroxytyramine Hydrochloride as a substrate, the activity of dopamine β - hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase, and other enzymes related to dopamine metabolism is measured, providing a basis for the diagnosis and research of related diseases.

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