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Diatrizoate sodium powder, also known as Sodium Diatrizoate or Hypaque Sodium, is a white to off-white powder with a slightly salty taste. It is highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ether. With a molecular formula of C11H8I3N2NaO4 and a molecular weight of 635.9 g/mol, this compound belongs to the category of iodinated radiocontrast agents.As an iodinated contrast medium, it absorbs more X-rays than surrounding soft tissue structures when introduced into the body. This property allows it to form density contrast and produce images under X-ray irradiation. When injected into blood vessels or other ducts, it can clearly visualize the lumen morphology. Subsequently, it is excreted by the kidneys, revealing the morphology of the urinary tract.
It is widely used in medical imaging, particularly in radiology, for diagnostic purposes. It is also employed in scientific research and pharmacological studies. The powder should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light, and under an inert atmosphere to maintain its stability.
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| Chemical Formula | C11H8I3N2NaO4 |
| Exact Mass | 635.75 |
| Molecular Weight | 635.90 |
| m/z | 635.75 (100.0%), 636.75 (11.9%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 20.78; H, 1.27; I, 59.87; N, 4.41; Na, 3.62; O, 10.06 |
Applications and Research of Diatrizoate Sodium in Medical Imaging
Diatrizoate sodium powder is a common and versatile iodinated radiocontrast agent, widely applied in clinical medical imaging examinations and biomedical research. It can effectively enhance the imaging contrast of human internal tissues and organs by absorbing X-rays to form distinct density differences, produce clear and intuitive structural and vascular images, and assist clinicians in accurately diagnosing a variety of organic and vascular lesions. Compared with other contrast agents, it features low cost, stable chemical properties and fast in vivo metabolism, making it widely used in primary and tertiary hospitals.
Despite its extensive clinical value, standardized clinical application and real-time patient condition monitoring are still required during use to avoid adverse reactions such as contrast-induced nephropathy and allergic reactions, and ensure clinical medication safety for patients with underlying basic diseases.
Clinical Medical Imaging Applications
Diatrizoate sodium serves as a core contrast medium for multiple injectable imaging examinations, covering urinary system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, peripheral vascular system, biliary tract, reproductive system and local tissue imaging, with stable and reliable imaging effects and high clinical applicability.
In urinary tract imaging, it is mainly applied in intravenous pyelography, which can clearly display the complete structure of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, even showing subtle morphological changes and mild dilation of the urinary tract. This imaging method helps radiologists accurately identify common urinary system lesions including urinary calculi, benign and malignant tumors, and congenital structural malformations of the urinary tract, providing reliable imaging basis for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of urinary system diseases and guiding clinical surgical planning and conservative treatment schemes.
In vascular imaging, the agent is widely used in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular angiography. After being injected into the corresponding arterial or venous vessels, it can clearly show the morphological structure and blood perfusion status of blood vessels. Clinically, it is commonly used to detect and diagnose various vascular lesions, such as coronary artery atherosclerosis, vascular stenosis, aneurysm, vascular malformation, cerebral apoplexy related vascular lesions, peripheral artery disease and deep vein thrombosis of limbs, which is of great significance for judging vascular patency and guiding subsequent clinical intervention treatment such as stent implantation and thrombolytic therapy.
In addition to systemic vascular and urinary imaging, diatrizoate sodium also supports multiple specialized imaging examinations. It can be used for cholangiography to visualize the bile duct structure, effectively detecting bile duct obstruction, bile duct stones and other biliary tract abnormalities. It is also applicable to hysterosalpingography, which evaluates the morphological structure of the uterus and fallopian tubes, and screens for structural abnormalities or duct obstruction factors that may cause female infertility.
Moreover, it can be used in auxiliary imaging examinations such as joint space imaging and fistula imaging, providing clear imaging references for the structural evaluation and functional detection of local lesions.A large number of in vitro cell experiments have verified the biological effects of diatrizoate sodium on cell growth and mitochondrial function, providing solid theoretical support for its clinical safety evaluation and risk prediction. Relevant studies have adopted classic HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cell models and used MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion method for precise quantitative detection.
The experimental results show that under specific intervention conditions (0.30 mg I/mL sodium iopanoate intervention for 224 hours), the mitochondrial activity and overall survival rate of cells are significantly decreased, confirming that diatrizoate sodium has a certain dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on renal tubular epithelial cells, which also explains the clinical occurrence of contrast-induced renal injury in high-dose or long-term use.
A large number of in vitro cell experiments have verified the biological effects of diatrizoate sodium on cell growth and mitochondrial function, providing solid theoretical support for its clinical safety evaluation and risk prediction. Relevant studies have adopted HK-2 cell models and used MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion method for detection. The experimental results show that under specific intervention conditions (0.30 mg I/mL sodium iopanoate intervention for 224 hours), the mitochondrial activity and overall survival rate of cells are significantly decreased, confirming that diatrizoate sodium powder has a certain dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on renal tubular epithelial cells.
Further mechanistic studies have clarified two core biological effects of the agent at the cellular and molecular levels. On the one hand, diatrizoate sodium can trigger mitochondrial renewal by inducing intracellular calcium imbalance. As the core energy metabolism organ of cells, mitochondria undertake ATP synthesis and maintain normal cell physiological activities. The activation of the mitochondrial renewal mechanism helps cells replace damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria to alleviate cellular metabolic disorders, which provides a new research direction for exploring the regulatory mechanism of cell energy metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis.
On the other hand, it can induce intracellular oxidative stress response, break the dynamic balance between intracellular oxidation and antioxidant systems, cause neutrophil inflammatory infiltration, increase protease secretion, and produce a large number of oxidative intermediates. These active oxidative substances can further damage mitochondrial and other organelle structures, aggravate cell dysfunction and injury, and eventually mediate endogenous cell apoptosis.
In Vivo Experimental Research And Airway Imaging Potential
Based on the good imaging and safety performance verified by in vivo experiments, diatrizoate sodium has been found to have important potential in airway radiographic imaging.It can clearly display the morphological structure of airway tissues, including tiny bronchi and alveolar duct structures that are difficult to observe with conventional imaging.
It makes up for the imaging deficiencies of conventional airway examination methods that are prone to blurred images and missed diagnosis of fine lesions, and provides effective imaging support for the clinical diagnosis and condition evaluation of various airway respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, airway stenosis and interstitial lung disease.This novel application greatly expands the clinical scope of diatrizoate sodium, breaking its traditional single application in systemic angiography and urinary imaging.
Based on the good imaging and safety performance verified by in vivo experiments, diatrizoate sodium has been found to have important potential in airway radiographic imaging.
It can clearly display the morphological structure of airway tissues, make up for the imaging deficiencies of conventional airway examination methods that are prone to blurred images and missed diagnosis of fine lesions, and provide effective imaging support for the clinical diagnosis and condition evaluation of various airway respiratory diseases.
Extended Application Value
Beyond conventional clinical imaging diagnosis, diatrizoate sodium powder also has broad application prospects in basic scientific research and pharmaceutical development.Its unique radiocontrast properties and good biocompatibility enable real-time, in-situ tracking and observation of biological tissue structures and physiological and metabolic processes in vivo and in vitro. It can not only assist researchers to deeply explore the occurrence and development mechanism of cell and tissue lesions, but also be widely applied in the efficacy evaluation and safety verification of new drugs and new preparation formulations, providing intuitive, visual and accurate imaging data support for biomedical research and pharmaceutical innovation.
Synthetic Route Overview
Diatrizoate sodium, chemically known as sodium 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate, is a classical ionic iodinated X-ray contrast medium. Industrial and laboratory production mainly adopts a mainstream aromatic ring iodination synthetic route starting from 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid. The whole synthesis consists of core steps including aromatic electrophilic iodination, amino acetylation, and alkali neutralization to form sodium salt, accompanied by purification processes such as recrystallization to meet pharmaceutical grade requirements.
Key Synthetic Steps
The initial raw material 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid is dissolved in acidic aqueous medium. Iodination reaction is implemented by adding iodine source under controlled temperature; the activated benzene ring undergoes triiodination at 2,4,6 positions. Strict temperature and pH control are essential to avoid insufficient iodination or generation of multi-iodinated byproducts. After reaction completion, crude 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid is separated via filtration and washing.
Subsequently, acetylation is carried out using acetic anhydride as the acylating agent. The two amino groups on the benzene ring react to form acetamide groups, yielding 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, also called diatrizoic acid. Side reactions such as hydrolysis of acetyl groups must be suppressed during this stage. After acetylation, crude diatrizoic acid is precipitated and collected.
Salt Formation and Purification
Diatrizoic acid is slightly soluble in water. It is mixed with sodium hydroxide solution for neutralization, converting the carboxylic acid group into sodium carboxylate to generate diatrizoate sodium.
The pH value is precisely adjusted to prevent excessive alkalinity. The obtained crude aqueous solution contains residual iodine ions, acetic acid and other impurities.
Purification is performed through activated carbon decolorization, followed by recrystallization in water-water miscible solvent system. After crystallization, filtration and vacuum drying, high-purity diatrizoate sodium is obtained for pharmaceutical formulation.
Process Optimization Considerations
Iodination is the most costly and critical step. Manufacturers optimize iodine utilization rate to reduce production cost. In addition, strict impurity control is required, especially free iodine and aromatic organic impurities, because residual impurities will cause adverse reactions after intravenous injection. The whole production process complies with pharmaceutical production specifications to guarantee the safety of the final radiocontrast agent.
FAQ
What is diatrizoate sodium used for?
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A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As diatrizoate meglumine and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
What is the brand name for diatrizoate sodium?
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Gastrografin, Renocal 76 (diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more.
What is sodium diatrizoate?
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Sodium diatrizoate hydrate has been used in spore purification. It has also been used in the isolation of plasma lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Sodium diatrizoate is also suitable as a density gradient reagent in blood cell separation. It has also been utilized as a radiological contrast agent.
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