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Diatrizoate sodium powder, also known as Sodium Diatrizoate or Hypaque Sodium, is a white to off-white powder with a slightly salty taste. It is highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ether. With a molecular formula of C11H8I3N2NaO4 and a molecular weight of 635.9 g/mol, this compound belongs to the category of iodinated radiocontrast agents.
As an iodinated contrast medium, it absorbs more X-rays than surrounding soft tissue structures when introduced into the body. This property allows it to form density contrast and produce images under X-ray irradiation. When injected into blood vessels or other ducts, it can clearly visualize the lumen morphology. Subsequently, it is excreted by the kidneys, revealing the morphology of the urinary tract.
It is widely used in medical imaging, particularly in radiology, for diagnostic purposes. It is also employed in scientific research and pharmacological studies. The powder should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light, and under an inert atmosphere to maintain its stability.
In terms of safety, diatrizoate sodium should be handled with caution. Appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn during handling. In case of skin or eye contact, immediate flushing with water and medical attention are recommended. Overall, diatrizoate sodium powder is an essential tool in medical imaging, offering valuable diagnostic information with its unique radiocontrast properties.
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| Chemical Formula | C11H8I3N2NaO4 |
| Exact Mass | 635.75 |
| Molecular Weight | 635.90 |
| m/z | 635.75 (100.0%), 636.75 (11.9%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 20.78; H, 1.27; I, 59.87; N, 4.41; Na, 3.62; O, 10.06 |
Medical Imaging
- Commonly used in intravenous pyelography to visualize the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
- It allows radiologists to detect abnormalities such as stones, tumors, or structural defects in these organs.
- For the assessment of blood vessels outside the heart, it can be injected into a peripheral artery or vein.
- This helps in diagnosing conditions such as aneurysms, stenoses, or malformations in the vascular system.
- In cardiovascular and cerebrovascular angiography, it is injected into the arteries or veins of the heart and brain.
- It aids in the diagnosis of conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, or strokes by providing detailed images of the blood vessels and their blood flow.
Diatrizoate sodium powder is a versatile iodinated radiocontrast agent with wide applications in medical imaging. It plays a crucial role in diagnosing various medical conditions by providing clear visualization of internal structures and blood vessels. However, its use should be accompanied by appropriate precautions and monitoring to ensure patient safety.
Urography (Urinary Tract Imaging)
- Commonly used for intravenous urography, where it helps to visualize the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
- It aids in detecting abnormalities such as stones, tumors, or structural issues within the urinary tract.
Cardiovascular Imaging
- It is also utilized in angiography, particularly for visualizing blood vessels and detecting any obstructions or anomalies.
- In cardiovascular imaging, it helps to identify issues such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, or other vascular diseases.
Cerebrovascular Imaging
- Diatrizoate sodium is employed in cerebrovascular imaging to visualize the blood vessels of the brain.
- This is crucial for detecting conditions like cerebral aneurysms, vascular malformations, or strokes.
Peripheral Vascular Imaging
- For the assessment of blood flow and structure in the arms, legs, and other peripheral areas, diatrizoate sodium is used.
- It helps to diagnose conditions such as peripheral artery disease or deep vein thrombosis.
Cholangiography (Biliary Tract Imaging)
- In cholangiography, it aids in visualizing the bile ducts to detect obstructions, stones, or other abnormalities.
Hysterosalpingography (Uterine and Fallopian Tube Imaging)
- Diatrizoate sodium is used to evaluate the uterus and fallopian tubes for any structural issues or obstructions that may impair fertility.
Other Injectable Imaging Procedures
- It is also used in various other injectable imaging procedures, such as joint space imaging, fistula imaging, and others, where it helps to visualize and assess the structure and function of the targeted area.
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Research and Experimental Use
Studies have shown that sodium iopanoate can affect cell survival. Under specific experimental conditions, such as exposing HK-2 cells to 0.30 mg I/mL sodium iopanoate for 224 hours, the MTT method and trypan blue exclusion method can detect a decrease in mitochondrial and cell survival. This indicates that sodium iopanoate may have a certain toxic effect on cells, thereby affecting cell survival.
- Inducing mitochondrial renewal: Sodium iopanoate can induce mitochondrial renewal through calcium imbalance mechanism. Mitochondria are the "energy factories" in cells, responsible for producing ATP to maintain the normal physiological functions of cells. When mitochondria are damaged or dysfunctional, cells will start the mitochondrial renewal mechanism to replace the damaged mitochondria. This effect of sodium iopanoate may help understand the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial renewal and cell metabolism.
- Producing oxidative stress: In addition to inducing mitochondrial renewal, sodium iopanoate can also produce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between intracellular oxidation and antioxidant effects, leading to inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils, increased secretion of proteases, and the production of a large number of oxidative intermediates. These oxidative intermediates may attack organelles such as mitochondria, further aggravating cell damage and dysfunction.
In Vitro Studies
- Diatrizoate sodium has been used in in vitro studies to investigate its effects on cell viability and mitochondrial function.
- Research has shown that it can induce mitochondrial turnover and oxidative stress, and activate apoptosis by dysregulation of calcium.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sodium iopanoate in vivo, the researchers conducted a rat experiment. They inflated the rats' lungs with sodium iopanoate nanoparticle aggregates and then performed histological examinations. Histological examination is a method of evaluating tissue structure and cell morphology by observing tissue sections, which can help researchers understand the effects of drugs on tissues.
In Vivo Studies
- In vivo studies have explored the potential of diatrizoate sodium as a radiocontrast agent for safe and effective lung visualization.
- Histological examination of rat lung tissue has shown no acute toxicity or inflammation after insufflation of diatrizoate sodium nanoparticle agglomerates.
Potential for Airway Imaging
Diatrizoate sodium has the potential for radiographic imaging of the airways. This makes it a useful tool in the diagnosis of respiratory conditions that affect the airways.
Other Applications
In addition to its medical imaging applications, diatrizoate sodium may also be used in other contexts such as scientific research or pharmaceutical development, where its radiocontrast properties can provide valuable insights into biological processes or the effectiveness of certain treatments.
adverse reaction
Diatrizoate Sodium Powder is an iodine containing ionic contrast agent widely used in X-ray diagnosis for gastrointestinal imaging, vascular imaging, and urinary system imaging. It helps doctors observe organ structures and lesions more clearly by improving tissue contrast. However, as an exogenous substance, Dietrozoate Sodium may cause a range of adverse reactions, from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to severe allergic reactions, and even life-threatening.
Gastrointestinal reaction
Mechanism
After oral or rectal administration, the contrast agent directly stimulates the gastrointestinal mucosa, causing local inflammatory reactions and abnormal peristalsis.
Clinical manifestations
Nausea and vomiting: The incidence rate is about 10% -20%, which is more common after oral administration and is related to the high permeability and chemical stimulation of contrast agents.
Diarrhea: About 5% -15% of patients experience diarrhea, which may be due to increased intestinal osmotic pressure caused by contrast agents, leading to increased water secretion.
Abdominal pain and bloating: About 8% -12% of patients report abdominal discomfort, which is related to intestinal spasms or gas retention.
Administration
Prophylactic use of antiemetic drugs (such as ondansetron).
Drink an appropriate amount of water 30 minutes before oral administration to dilute the concentration of the contrast agent.
Those with severe symptoms need to suspend examination and receive symptomatic treatment (such as fluid replacement and antispasmodics).
Allergic reactions
Mechanism
Diatrizoate Sodium may induce allergy like symptoms through non immune-mediated mechanisms (such as direct release of histamine) or immune-mediated mechanisms (such as IgE mediated allergic reactions).
Clinical manifestations
Mild reactions (about 5% -10%): rash, itching, erythema. Mild difficulty breathing and a feeling of tightness in the throat. Headache and dizziness.
Moderate reaction (about 1% -2%): facial and limb edema. Bronchial spasm and wheezing. Hypotension and tachycardia.
Severe reactions (<0.1%): Allergic shock (sudden drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness). Swelling of the larynx and respiratory failure. Cardiac arrest.
Administration
Preparation: For patients with a history of allergies, corticosteroids (such as prednisone) and antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine) should be administered 30 minutes before the examination.
Emergency measures: Immediately stop the injection of contrast agent, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, administer adrenaline (0.3-0.5mg intramuscular injection), oxygen inhalation, and intravenous fluid replacement.
Biologically, diatrizoate sodium powder demonstrates potential in radiographic imaging of the airways. It can induce mitochondrial turnover and oxidative stress by dysregulation of calcium, which in turn activates apoptosis. This unique mechanism makes it a valuable tool in research settings for studying cellular responses to stress and apoptosis pathways.
Pharmacologically, diatrizoate sodium is primarily used as a contrast agent in diagnostic imaging procedures. It enhances the visibility of internal structures in X-ray or CT scans, aiding in the detection and diagnosis of various medical conditions. For instance, in urography, it helps visualize the urinary tract, facilitating the detection of abnormalities such as stones, tumors, or structural defects. Similarly, in angiography, it allows for detailed visualization of blood vessels, aiding in the diagnosis of vascular diseases.
Moreover, studies have shown that diatrizoate sodium nanoparticle agglomerates offer a promising radiocontrast agent for safe and effective lung visualization, with no acute toxicity or inflammation observed in histological examinations of rat lung tissue after insufflation.
In summary, diatrizoate sodium, with its unique bioactivity and pharmacological properties, plays a pivotal role in medical imaging and diagnosis, enhancing the visibility of internal structures and aiding in the early detection and management of various medical conditions.
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