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Polydatin, also known as Polygonin, Picea aspera glycoside, or Resveratrol glycoside, is extracted from the dried rhizomes and roots of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. etZucc, a plant in the Polygonaceae family. It is one of the natural active ingredients. CAS 27208-80-6, molecular formula C20H22O8, white needle shaped crystalline powder. Easy to dissolve in methanol and ethanol, slightly soluble in water and ethyl acetate. It is an extract of the plant Polygonum cuspidatum, which can be used for cough control, blood lipid regulation, cholesterol reduction, and anti shock. The injection of Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside, mainly composed of Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside, is the first innovative traditional Chinese medicine in China to submit clinical application research in the United States.
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Chemical Formula |
C20H22O8 |
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Exact Mass |
390.13 |
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Molecular Weight |
390.39 |
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m/z |
390.13 (100.0%), 391.13 (21.6%), 392.14 (2.2%), 392.14 (1.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 61.53; H, 5.68; O, 32.79 |
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside has various pharmacological effects, including cough control, phlegm removal, asthma relief, antibacterial, free radical scavenging, blood lipid regulation, and cholesterol reduction.
Pharmacological effects of Polydatin
(1) Antitussive, expectorant, and asthma relieving effects:
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside can inhibit the excitability of the cough center, reduce the frequency and intensity of coughing. At the same time, it can also promote ciliary movement of the respiratory mucosa, accelerate the discharge of phlegm, and thus play a role in removing phlegm. In addition, Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside can dilate bronchial smooth muscle, alleviate bronchial spasms, and have an anti asthmatic effect.
(2) Antibacterial effect:
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside has inhibitory effects on various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, etc. Its antibacterial mechanism may be related to inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, damaging bacterial cell membranes, and interfering with the synthesis of bacterial proteins.
(3) Clearing free radicals:
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside has strong antioxidant activity, which can clear free radicals in the body and protect cells from oxidative damage. Free radicals are highly active molecules or atomic groups generated during metabolic processes in the body, which can attack biological macromolecules such as cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, leading to cell damage and functional impairment. The antioxidant effect of Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside helps to delay aging and prevent diseases.
(4) Lipid regulating effect:
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside can reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in plasma, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This lipid-lowering effect helps prevent the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases.
(5) Cholesterol lowering effect:
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside reduces cholesterol levels in plasma by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and promoting cholesterol excretion. This is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and related diseases.
Polydatin is a natural active ingredient derived from the dried rhizomes and roots of the Polygonaceae plant Polygonatum sibiricum. It has various pharmacological effects, including cough control, phlegm removal, asthma relief, antibacterial, free radical scavenging, blood lipid regulation, and cholesterol reduction. In clinical practice, Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside can be used to treat various diseases and has wide application value. The optimization and innovation of the extraction process for this precious active ingredient derived from nature are crucial for improving its yield, purity, and biological activity. At present, the extraction methods of Polygonatum sibiricum mainly include solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, etc. Each method has its unique advantages and applicable scenarios.
Solvent extraction method: a traditional and robust choice
As one of the most commonly used extraction methods, solvent extraction is based on the principle of using solvents to separate the solubility differences of target components. In the extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside, organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate are usually selected as extractants. These solvents can penetrate into the interior of plant cells, dissolve and carry active ingredients such as puerarin.
The specific operational steps include:
(1)
Crush the root or rhizome of the tiger cane to an appropriate particle size to increase the contact area between the solvent and the raw material;
(2)
Soak, reflux, or percolate with an extraction agent for extraction.
Soaking method:
Suitable for preliminary extraction, which allows the solvent to fully dissolve the target component through prolonged soaking;
Reflux method:
By heating, the solvent is evaporated and condensed to reflux, in order to improve extraction efficiency;
Permeation method:
Using gravity to slowly pass the solvent through the raw material layer, achieving continuous extraction.
After concentration, drying and other steps, crude Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside is obtained from the extraction solution. At this point, the crude product may also contain other impurities, so further purification methods such as recrystallization and column chromatography are needed to improve the purity of puerarin. Recrystallization is a purification method that utilizes the difference in solubility of solutes in different solvents; Column chromatography utilizes the difference in distribution coefficients between different substances in the stationary and mobile phases for separation.
Ultrasonic Extraction Method: A Model of Efficiency and Environmental Protection
Ultrasonic extraction method utilizes the cavitation, thermal, and mechanical effects of ultrasound to accelerate the rupture of plant cell walls and the release of active ingredients. During the extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides, ultrasound can generate high-frequency vibrations, causing small ruptures in the cell wall, thereby promoting the release of active ingredients such as Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides from the cell into the solvent.
When performing the specific operation, crush the root or rhizome of the tiger cane, add the extraction agent, and then extract it under the action of ultrasound. Ultrasonic extraction method has the advantages of high extraction efficiency, short extraction time, and easy operation. At the same time, since ultrasound extraction does not require heating, it can reduce the loss of thermosensitive components and improve the biological activity of the extracted products.
Microwave extraction method: a perfect combination of speed and efficiency
Microwave extraction method utilizes the penetrating and selective heating properties of microwaves to rapidly heat and vaporize the water inside plant cells, thereby damaging the cell wall and releasing effective ingredients. During the extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides, microwaves can quickly penetrate plant tissues, causing the water inside the cells to rapidly heat up and generate high-pressure steam, thereby damaging the cell wall structure and promoting the release of active ingredients such as Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides.
Microwave extraction method has the advantages of fast extraction speed, low energy consumption, and high extraction efficiency. However, it should be noted that microwave extraction may produce some by-products that are not conducive to subsequent purification. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control parameters such as microwave power and extraction time during the extraction process to reduce the generation of by-products. At the same time, the extracted solution also needs to undergo appropriate processing steps, such as centrifugation, filtration, etc., to remove impurities and by-products.
With the advancement of technology and the deepening of people's understanding of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides, more and more new technologies are being applied in the extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides. For example, new extraction technologies such as high-pressure microfluidics, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis are gradually replacing traditional methods and becoming research hotspots in the field of Polygonatum sibiricum extraction. These new technologies not only improve the extraction efficiency and purity of puerarin, but also reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution, providing strong support for the industrial production of puerarin. In the future, with the continuous development of biotechnology and the increasing demand for natural medicines, the extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides will pay more attention to green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable development. At the same time, in-depth research on the specific biological activities of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides and the development of new Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides with higher bioavailability and lower toxicity will also become an important direction in the field of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides research.
Polydatin, also known as polydatin, spruce glycoside, or resveratrol glycoside, is a natural active ingredient derived from specific plants.
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly derived from the dried rhizomes and roots of the Polygonum cuspidatum plant in the Polygonaceae family. Tiger cane is a perennial herbaceous plant widely distributed in Asian regions such as China, Japan, and South Korea. Its rhizome is thick and robust, with a brown surface, longitudinal wrinkles and fibrous root scars, and yellow vascular bundles can be seen at the peeling of the outer skin. The rhizome and roots of Polygonum cuspidatum contain abundant active ingredients, among which Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside is one of the important natural products.
In addition to the Polygonaceae plant Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonatum cuspidatum glycosides may also be present in other plants, such as the bark of Pinus koraiensis and Eucalyptus in the Myrtle family, but the main source is still Polygonum cuspidatum.
Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside is a polyphenolic compound that contains multiple hydroxyl groups and benzene rings in its chemical structure. This determines its diverse biological activity. It can not only inhibit the excitability of the cough center, reduce cough symptoms, but also promote the movement of respiratory mucosal cilia, accelerate sputum discharge, and play a role in relieving cough and removing phlegm. The molecular weight of Polygonatum sibiricum glycoside is relatively large, usually ranging from several hundred to thousands. The specific chemical composition and structural formula may vary depending on the extraction method and degree of purification.
In addition to puerarin, Polygonatum sibiricum also contains various other active ingredients such as resveratrol, emodin, and emodin. These ingredients play an important role in the pharmacological effects of Polygonum cuspidatum.
In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides, people's understanding of their pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications has also become increasingly profound. For example, studies have shown that puerarin can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and has anti-tumor effects; Other studies have shown that polydati can improve insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, and has hypoglycemic effect. These research results provide new ideas and directions for the clinical application of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides.
In addition, with the development of modern biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology, people are constantly exploring and developing new methods and technologies for extracting, purifying, and preparing Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides. The emergence of these new technologies and methods will help improve the yield and quality of Polygonatum sibiricum glycosides, providing better technical support for their widespread application.
Polydatin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with diverse pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects make it a valuable candidate for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular and neurological disorders. While Polydatin is generally safe for human consumption, further research is needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms of action, optimize its dosage and formulation, and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in clinical settings. With continued research and development, Polydatin has the potential to become a novel therapeutic agent for improving human health and well-being.
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