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Polystyrene powder is a type of thermoplastic polymer fine particle material made by polymerizing styrene monomers. Its appearance is usually white, freely flowing fine powder, and it has excellent physical and chemical stability. Its most notable characteristics are low density, high insulation, and ease of processing. It can be molded through methods such as hot melting, dissolution, or foaming and is widely used in various industrial fields. In the construction industry, it is used as lightweight aggregate to be mixed into insulation mortar to enhance the insulation performance of walls; in the foundry industry, it is used as an expendable mold, vaporizing when encountering metal molten liquid to achieve precise molding; in the electronics field, it is used due to its dielectric properties for insulation coatings; in daily life, it is commonly found in modified plastic products and stationery glue additives. Additionally, it is a key raw material for preparing expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam plastics, which can be molded into various cushioning packaging materials and insulation boards after pre-foaming. It should be noted that this material has good chemical resistance but is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, and as a plastic product, attention should be paid to its environmental degradation issue. In recent years, the research and development of biodegradable modifications has become a key direction in the industry.
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Plastic products:
Polystyrene is often used to make foamed plastic products. Polystyrene can also be copolymerized with other rubber type polymer materials to produce products with different mechanical properties. Common applications in daily life include various disposable plastic tableware, transparent CD boxes, etc. Foamed polystyrene has been widely used in building materials since 2003.
High impact polystyrene (HIPS):
High impact polystyrene is an impact resistant polystyrene product produced by adding polybutyl rubber particles to polystyrene. The polystyrene product will add micron sized rubber particles and connect the polystyrene and rubber particles together by branching. When impacted, the stress at the tip of crack propagation will be released by relatively soft rubber particles. Therefore, the crack propagation is hindered and the impact resistance is improved.
Styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN):
SAN is the abbreviation of Styrene Acrolonitrile. It is a copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile. It is a colorless and transparent polypropylene based engineering plastic with high mechanical strength. The chemical stability of SAN is better than that of polystyrene. The transparency and UV resistance of SAN products are not as good as those of polymethyl methacrylate products, but the price is relatively cheap.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS):
ABS is the abbreviation of Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene, which is the copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. With the characteristics of high strength and low weight, it is one of the commonly used engineering plastics.
SBS rubber:
SBS rubber is a three block copolymer with the structure of poly (styrene butadiene styrene). This material has the characteristics of both polystyrene and polybutadiene, and is a durable thermoplastic rubber. SBS rubber is often used to make tires.
In the electrical aspect:
Polystyrene is easy to process and shape, and has the advantages of transparency, low cost, rigidity, insulation, good printability, etc. It can be widely used in light industry market, daily decoration, lighting indication and packaging. In the electrical aspect, it is also a good insulating material and thermal insulation material, which can be used to make various instrument shells, lampshades, optical chemical instrument parts, transparent films, capacitor dielectric layers, etc.
In terms of cosmetics:
Polystyrene products can be used in powder and lotion cosmetics. It has good compressibility for powder and can improve the adhesion of powder. It gives skin luster and lubrication, and is a high-grade filler to replace talcum powder and silicon dioxide.
Synthetic polystyrene:
Developmental processing:
Step 1: Set the density of the final product for pre foaming or simple foaming. In this process, the polymer particles containing foaming agent soften under heating conditions, and the foaming agent volatilizes. The result is that each bead produces expansion, forming many bubbles. The number of bubbles (final density) is controlled by heating temperature and heating time. During this process, the beads must remain dispersed and free flowing.
In industrial production, the foaming process is carried out by directly placing the expandable PS in the steam. Generally, the reaction is completed through the continuous mixing of beads and steam in the stirring kettle. The reaction equipment (like the pre foaming machine) is designed to keep the external pressure open at normal pressure and make the foamed beads overflow from the top. In order to ensure a more balanced residence time or when some developable DPS require a higher temperature, some manufacturers use intermittent kettles. After foaming, the beads shall be ripened so that air is gradually mixed into the bubbles.
Step 2: First, put the matured pre foaming beads into the mold with a specific cavity. For small and complex products, Venturi action equipment (such as filling gun) shall be used during molding. The beads are blown into the mold cavity with the aid of an air flow. Large products can fill the mold cavity according to their own gravity. The mold cavity filled with granules is sealed and heated, and the beads are softened by heating, so that the bubbles expand. The beads expanded to fill the gaps between them, and bonded into a uniform foam body. At this time, the foam body is still soft and bears the pressure of hot gas in the cell. Before taking out the product from the mold, it is necessary to make the gas seep out of the bubble hole and reduce the temperature to stabilize the shape of the product, which is generally the method of spraying water on the inner wall of the mold.
Because the molding mold is double walled, the molding of foamed PS is called "steam chamber molding". The size of the inner wall of the mold is the size of the actual product. There are pores on the inner wall of the mold to allow steam to pass through the foam body and hot gas to diffuse out. The space between the double walls forms a steam chamber in which steam for heating beads is introduced. For most products, the forming pressure of foamed PS is lower than 276kPa. The mold is made of aluminum and cast into a certain shape according to the product requirements. The molding of foamed PS is an economical production method because of its low molding pressure and low cost of molding equipment.
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Mechanical properties:
Polystyrene molecule and its aggregate structure determine that it is a rigid and brittle material, which shows brittle fracture under stress.
PS generally has a head tail structure
PS generally has a head tail structure, the main chain is a saturated carbon chain, and the side group is a conjugated benzene ring, which makes the molecular structure irregular, increases the rigidity of the molecule, and makes PS become an amorphous linear polymer. Due to the presence of benzene ring, PS has a high Tg (80~105 ℃), so it is transparent and hard at room temperature. Due to the rigidity of molecular chain, it is easy to cause stress cracking.
Materials of Metric Roller Chain Sprocket
Polystyrene is colorless and transparent, and can be colored freely. Its relative density is also second only to PP and PE. It has excellent electrical properties, especially high frequency characteristics, second to F-4 and PPO. In addition, it is second only to methacrylic acid resin in terms of light stability, but its radiation resistance is the strongest among all plastics. The most important feature of polystyrene is that its thermal stability and fluidity during melting are very good, so it is easy to form and process, especially for injection molding, which is suitable for mass production. Small molding shrinkage and good dimensional stability of molded products.
Thermal performance:
The characteristic temperature of polystyrene is: the brittleness temperature is about - 30 ℃, the glass transition temperature is 80~105 ℃, the melting temperature is 140~180 ℃, and the decomposition temperature is above 300 ℃. As the mechanical properties of polystyrene decrease significantly with the increase of temperature, and its heat resistance is poor, the continuous use temperature is about 60 ℃, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 80 ℃. The thermal conductivity is low, 0.04 ～ 0.15 W/(m · K), almost unchanged by temperature, so it has good thermal insulation.
Electrical performance:
Polystyrene has good electrical properties, with volume resistivity and surface resistivity up to 1016 ～ 1018 Ω· cm and 1015 ～ 1018 Ω· cm, respectively. The dielectric loss angle tangent value is extremely low, and is not affected by changes in frequency, ambient temperature and humidity. It is an excellent insulating material.
Optical performance:
Polystyrene has excellent optical properties, with light transmittance of 88%~92% and refractive index of 1.59~1.60. It can pass through all wavelengths of visible light. Transparent materials are second only to acrylic polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate in plastics. However, due to poor weather resistance of polystyrene, it will be turbid and yellow when it is used or stored for a long time due to sunlight and dust. Therefore, when making high transparent products such as optical components with polystyrene, it is necessary to consider adding an appropriate type and amount of antioxidant.
Chemical properties:
Good corrosion resistance, poor solvent resistance and oxidation resistance.
Polystyrene is resistant to various alkalis, salts and aqueous solutions, and is also stable to low-grade alcohols and certain acids (such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, hydrochloric acid with a mass fraction of 10%~30%, acetic acid with a mass fraction of 1%~25%, and formic acid with a mass fraction of 1%~90%), but concentrated nitric acid and other oxidants can destroy it.
Polystyrene can be dissolved in many solvents with similar solubility parameters, such as acetone, tetrachloroethane, styrene, benzene, chloroform, xylene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone, esters, etc. It is insoluble in mineral oil, fatty hydrocarbon, ether, phenol, etc., but can be swelled by them. Many non solvent substances, such as higher alcohols and oils, can cause stress cracking or swelling of polystyrene.
Polystyrene is prone to aging under heat, oxygen and atmospheric conditions, causing the fracture and color development of macromolecular chains. When the system contains trace monomers, sulfide and other impurities, it is more prone to aging. Therefore, polystyrene products will become yellow and brittle in long-term use.
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